我國移動電子商務發(fā)展探析外文翻譯

1、畢業(yè)設計(論文外文文獻翻譯2011 屆譯文一:移動電子商務:標準化與設計技術譯文二:移動接入網(wǎng)站的有效優(yōu)化學生姓名學號系別經(jīng)濟與管理系Mobile Commerce: Standards & DesignTechnologiesKanwalvir Singh DhindsaABSTRACTThis paper presents the various standards and technologies with respect to various applications in the field of mobile commerce. It also compares J2ME

2、with other technologies and standards are also compared so that more understanding of the various issues can be had while designing the mobile commerce applications. This paper analyzes the various technologies used for mobile commerce along with their advantages and disadvantages.KEY WORDS M-commer

3、ce, J2ME, I-modeI. INTRODUCTIONM-commerce stands for Mobile Commerce and refers to commercial transactions being conducted over cellular and mobile devices. M-Commerce originated around 90s. Mobile Commerce is defined as the use of information technologies and communication technologies for the purp

4、ose of mobile integration of different value chains and business processes, and for the purpose of management of business relationships. The various generations that represent technology are:1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology2G: current wireless technology; mainly accommodates text2.5G: interim techn

5、ology accommodates graphics3G: 3rd generation technology supports rich media (video clips4G: will provide faster multimedia displayA. M-COMMERCE VERSUS E-COMMERCEIn comparison to e-commerce, m-commerce offers both advantages and disadvantages. The following list summarizes the advantages of m-commer

6、ce:Ubiquity: The use of wireless device enables the user to receive information and conduct transactions anywhere, at anytime.Accessibility: Mobile device enables the user to be contacted at virtually anytime and place. The user also has the choice to limit their accessibility to particular persons

7、or times.Convenience: The portability of the wireless device and its functions from storing data to access to information or persons.Localization: The emergence of location-specific based applications will enable the user to receive relevant information on which to act.Instant Connectivity (2.5G: In

8、stant connectivity or "always on" is becoming more prevalent will the emergence of 2.5 G networks, GPRS or EDGE.Personalization: The combination of localization and personalization will create a new channel/business opportunity for reaching and attracting customers.Time Sensitivity: Access

9、 to real-time information such as a stock quote that can be acted upon immediately or a sale at a local boutique.Security: depending on the specific end user device, the device offers a certain level of inherent security.B. MOBILE COMMERCE STANDARDSThe categorization of mobile commerce standards is

10、as follows:Transaction Based standards refer to requirements for a payment transaction to beaccepted for processing.Device Based standards refer to requirements for a terminal to capture a paymenttransaction.Network Based standards refer to underlying network protocols that create result indemands a

11、nd constraints.Security Based standards refer to security & authentication measures around the coreprocesses.& types of standards are:GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System.PDA: Personal Digital Assistanthandheld wireless computer.SMS: Short Message Service.EMS: Enhanced Messaging Se

12、rvice.MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service.WAP: Wireless Application Protocol.II. MOBILE COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTUREMobile Computing Infrastructure involves: mobile computing services.SMS & MMS: short & multimedia message service.Location-Based services: use localization mechanisms (e.g. GPS to su

13、pport localization of products and services.V oice-Support Services: exploit voice recognition and synthesize in m-commerce applications, enabling the user to interact with a computerized system.WAP (Wireless Application Protocol: enable to access multimedia content customized for mobile devices.Int

14、ernet Connectivity: allows exchange data with servers (get information, download applications or multimedia, control a system.III. DRIVERS OF M-COMMERCEWidespread availability of devices: the number of cellular connections has reached 3.25 billions.Handset culture: widespread usage of mobile phones

15、among the 15-25 year-old age group.Vendors push: they advertise many applications of m-commerce.Mobile workforce: more and more workers operate out of the office it is a social trend.Increased mobility: a more productive use of time for people that commute or travel frequently.Improved price/perform

16、ance: the price of wireless devices and the price per minute is decreasing.Improvement of bandwidth: 3G communication provides data rate up to 2MbpsIV. DEVELOPING M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS WITH J2ME & XMLJ2ME is Java technology specially customised for small consumer and embedded devices with limi

17、ted processor, memory, display, and input capabilities. Java Virtual Machine (JVM runs on top of the device's operating system and is customized for a specific operating system. The size and complexity of JVM depends on the particular J2ME configuration it supports.The fusion of Java and XML tec

18、hnologies creates the powerful combination of portablecode and portable data. Using the KXML package to write an application for the MIDP profile that can parse an XML document An XML processing model describes the steps an application should take to process XML; an application that implements such

19、a model is called an XML parser. An XML parser can be integrated into Java applications with the Java API for XML Processing (JAXP. JAXP allows applications to parse and transform XML documents using an API that is independent of any particular XML processor implementation.A growing number of cellul

20、ar phones support Java applications, but many devices can also run Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME-compliant applications. The Java APIs for Bluetooth wireless technology (JABWT standard supports rapid development of Bluetooth applications that are portable, secure, and highly usable.V. ADV ANTAGES &

21、 DISDA V ANTAGES OF J2MEAdvantages:1. Strong use of transplanted J2ME technology development process.2. The fast development of the Java language of their own characteristics, the development of fast procedures for a relatively short development cycle.3. The popularity of J2ME technology is increasi

22、ng rapidly because of the increased use of mobile devices.J2ME technology Minuses:1. In order to achieve limited function of the transplanted J2ME technology, J2ME technology can not achieve the function of the system, such as reading a telephone directory, messaging systems content.2. The relativel

23、y slow speed running on the JVM J2ME technology on the basis of, coupled with the restrictions on cell phone hardware, operating speed is relatively slow.3. Procedures in the limited size of cell phones, J2ME technology development program procedures size under great restrictions.VI. THE OTHER ALTER

24、NATIVESA. BREWBREW is an application execution platform that runs at the firmware level (CDMA chipset and specially targets wireless applications that can be downloaded and executed on mobile devices. The platform boasts enhanced capabilities that include GPS, VOIP, Bluetooth 1.1, MP3, and MIDI. The

25、 BREW suite of services includes TCP/UDP socket communications, HTTP support, SMS messaging, advanced telephony services, and support for file systemaccess. BREW provides C/C+ software development, and the BREW C/C+ SDK easily integrates with Microsoft's Visual C+ development environment. All in

26、 all, BREW doesn't sound much different from Java. To a user, it presents a similar kind of application experience and to a developer, a more or less similar development model. However, some distinctions need to be made between the two:* J2ME targets general consumer and embedded devices. BREW,

27、on the other hand, targets wireless devices exclusively (specifically CDMA phones. As a result, it's more versatile when it comes to wireless phones.* J2ME doesn't consist of a specific distribution system corresponding to the BREW BDS. This may be an advantage as well as a shortcoming.B. J2

28、ME vs. WAPJ2ME apps have much more to offer than those built under the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP, in terms of both features and security. Whereas WAP is a thin-client development protocol, J2ME is a development platform specifically for smart applications. J2ME applications offer the follow

29、ing security advantages over WAP applications: Without a WAP gateway in the middle, smart applications can provide scalable end-to-end security from the back end to wireless devices. This will become especially important as the back end evolves into a message-driven Web-services framework. Smart app

30、lications utilize device processing power efficiently. Instead of encrypting everything with the same key strength regardless of needs, rich clients can establish a comprehensive differentiating security policy based on the content.VII. CONCLUSIONIndustry is faced with challenges of providing the ne

31、cessary capacity for both backbone transmission infrastructure and the access network. Support is needed for Mobile Apps which depends on how extensively the applications use the underlying network. Both J2ME and BREW present developers with exciting opportunities for taking advantage of the converg

32、ence of wireless and the Internet While Java developers may find that J2ME is the right choice for a range of small consumer devices BREW has its own advantages when targeting wireless phones. In many cases, of course, the choice of one technology over the other will be dictated by the platform that

33、 the network operator decides to support.移動電子商務:標準化與設計技術Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa摘要本文提出了關于移動電子商務各種各樣的標準化和科技在各類領域中的應用。它也對J2ME其他的技術和標準作了比較分析,這樣能夠更好的了解各種問題,同時也可以更好的設計和應用移動電子商務。本文分析了各種技術在移動電子商務使用中的優(yōu)點和缺點。關鍵詞:移動電子商務,J2ME,I-Mode1 介紹移動電子商務指的是在移動電話和移動設備上進行的商業(yè)交易。移動電子商務起源于90年代左右。移動電子商務的定義是:以利用信息技術和通信技術為目的達到移動融合各

34、種不同價值鏈與業(yè)務流程和管理方面的合作關系。信息使用技術和通訊技術集成不同的移動價值鏈和業(yè)務流程,并以管理業(yè)務關系為目的。各發(fā)展階段的代表技術是: * 1G:1979-1992年無線技術* 2G:目前的無線技術;主要可容納文本* 2.5G:過渡的技術可容納圖形* 3G:第三代技術支持豐富的媒體(視頻剪輯* 4G:將提供更快的多媒體展示1.1移動電子商務與電子商務的比較相較于電子商務,移動電子商務既有優(yōu)點也有缺點,下面總結了電子商務的優(yōu)點:普遍性:任何地方、任何時候,使用無線裝置的用戶可以接收信息并進行交易?？山尤胄?移動設備使用戶能夠在隨時隨地進行聯(lián)系。用戶也可有選擇的限制其接入的人和時間。便

35、利性:輕便的無線設備的存儲數(shù)據(jù)功能可獲取信息或人的信息。局限性:具體出現(xiàn)的位置應用程序將使用戶收取有關資料并采取行動。即時通訊(2.5G:即時通訊或“永遠在線”正在變得越來越普遍如2.5 G網(wǎng)絡的出現(xiàn)、GPRS或者EDGE。個性化:本土化和個性化結合將創(chuàng)造一個新的通道/業(yè)務機會接觸和吸引客戶。時間敏感性:獲取實時信息如股票報價,可立即采取行動或在當?shù)劁N售精品。安全性:根據(jù)特定的最終用戶裝置,該設備提供了一定程度的內在安全性。1.2移動電子商務的標準化移動電子商務的標準化分類如下:交易依據(jù)的標準指一筆交易按要求被接受處理;基于設備標準是指要求終端來捕獲支付交易;網(wǎng)絡的基本標準是指網(wǎng)絡協(xié)議創(chuàng)造需求

36、導致和約束;安全基礎標準是指安全與圍繞核心認證措施進程。標準類型有:GPS導航:基于衛(wèi)星的全球定位系統(tǒng)掌上電腦:個人數(shù)字助理,掌上型無線計算機短信:短消息服務特快專遞:加強信息服務多媒體:多媒體信息服務WAP:無線應用協(xié)議2 移動計算基礎設施移動計算基礎設施中的移動計算服務:短信和彩信:短消息服務和多媒體。基于位置的服務:使用本地化機制(如GPS來支持國產(chǎn)化產(chǎn)品和服務。語音支持服務:利用語音識別和合成移動電子商務應用使用戶互動的電腦系統(tǒng)。WAP(無線應用協(xié)議:允許訪問多媒體內容的移動設備定制。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接:允許數(shù)據(jù)交換服務器(獲取信息,應用程序或下載多媒體,控制系統(tǒng)。3 推動移動電子商務的要素普

37、遍提供的設備:移動電話連接使用的數(shù)量已達到3.25億。手機文化:廣泛使用移動電話的主要集中在15-25歲年齡組。廠商的推動:他們在移動電子商務中運用很多廣告。移動員工:越來越多的工人不在辦公室辦公這是一種社會趨勢。流動性的增加:讓通勤或經(jīng)常出差的人更有效的利用時間。改進的價格/性能:無線設備價格和每分鐘的價格正在下降。改進帶寬:3G通信提供數(shù)據(jù)速率高達2Mbps。4移動電子商務應用J2ME與XML的發(fā)展J2ME是Java技術專門定制的小型消費者和有限的處理器與嵌入式設備、存儲、顯示和輸入功能。Java虛擬機(JVM在操作系統(tǒng)上運行的設備定制的系統(tǒng),是針對特定的操作系統(tǒng)。完整的規(guī)模和復雜程度取決

38、于特定的J2ME配置支撐。該技術融合了Java和XML創(chuàng)造了強而有力的組合可移植代碼和便攜式數(shù)據(jù)。使用KXML包裝寫的申請MIDP的配置文件,可以解析XML的一個XML文件。一個應用程序,實現(xiàn)該模型被稱為一個XML解析器。一個XML解析器可以集成到Java應用程序在XML 處理的Java API(JAXP的。JAXP的允許應用程序解析和轉換XML文檔使用API,是獨立于任何特定的XML處理器的執(zhí)行。越來越多的手機支持Java應用,但許多設備還可以運行Java 2微型版(J2ME兼容應用。Java API藍牙無線技術(JABWT標準支持快速發(fā)展的藍牙應用程序的便攜式、安全和高度可用性。5 J2M

39、E的優(yōu)點和缺點優(yōu)點:1 J2ME技術是一個使用強移植發(fā)展的過程。2快速發(fā)展的語言自身的特點,Java語言的發(fā)展相對較短的快速程序的開發(fā)周期。3 J2ME技術的普及正在快速增長,因為越來越普及的移動設備。J2ME技術的缺點:1 為了實現(xiàn)有限的功能移植的J2ME技術不能獲得滿意的該系統(tǒng)的功能:如讀電話號碼簿、信息系統(tǒng)的內容。2 相對緩慢的速度在JVM上運行的J2ME技術完整的基礎上,再加上手機硬件的限制,運行速度相對緩慢。3程序在規(guī)模有限的J2ME手機技術開發(fā)方案程序的大小受到很大的限制。6其他的渠道6.1移動平臺BREW是一個應用平臺,在執(zhí)行固件級別(CDMA芯片組,特別目標下載和無線應用,可以

40、在移動設備上執(zhí)行。平臺擁有提升作戰(zhàn)能力,包括全球定位系統(tǒng)、VOIP、藍牙1.1、MP3音樂和MIDI。BREW的一套完善的服務包括TCP / UDP的Socket通信,HTTP的支持,短信,先進的電話服務,并支持文件系統(tǒng)訪問。BREW的規(guī)定的C / C + +軟件開發(fā)和BREW 的C / C + + SDK中輕松集成微軟的Visual C + +中開發(fā)環(huán)境。所有的一切,BREW聽起來和Java沒有多大的差別。對用戶,它提出了一個同類的應用和開發(fā)經(jīng)驗,或多或少有些類似的發(fā)展模式。然而,兩者還是存在一定的差別:* J2ME目標為一般消費者和嵌入式設備。另一方面,基于BREW目標為無線設備專門(特別

41、是CDMA手機。因此,它的更靈活當談到無線手機。* J2ME不在于一個特定的分配制度對應到BREW企業(yè)發(fā)展服務。這可能是一個的優(yōu)勢也是一個缺點。6.2 J2ME與WAP的比較J2ME的應用程序都遠遠比建有要約根據(jù)無線應用協(xié)議(WAP,在上兩者的功能和安全性。而WAP是一個薄客戶端開發(fā)協(xié)議,J2ME是一個發(fā)展平臺智能化的應用。J2ME 應用程序提供了以下在WAP應用中的安全優(yōu)勢:沒有WAP網(wǎng)關在中間,智能應用程序能夠提供可擴展的終端到終端的安全性從后端到無線設備。這將成為尤其重要的后端演變成消息驅動Web服務框架。智能應用程序使用的設備處理能力效率。而不是加密一切以相同的鍵強度無論需求,豐富的客

42、戶端可以建立一個基于綜合鑒別安全政策的內容。7總結行業(yè)面臨為傳輸骨干的基礎設施和接入網(wǎng)絡提供必要能力的挑戰(zhàn)。移動應用程序需要基礎網(wǎng)絡的支持。目前讓人們感到高興的是J2ME和BREW這兩個開發(fā)商致力于融合無線和互聯(lián)網(wǎng),而Java開發(fā)人員可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)J2ME對于選擇設備范圍小的消費者是一個正確的選擇,不過BREW在針對無線手機的時候也有自己的優(yōu)勢。在許多情況下,當然,一項技術的選擇比其他的東西都要受制于網(wǎng)絡運營商的支持與決定。EFFECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF WEB SITES FOR MOBILE ACCESS:THE TRANSITION FROM ECOMMERCETO MC

43、OMMERCEMarci Troutman, Steve TimpsonABSTRACTAs the number of mobile phone users exceeds that of PC users in many countries, how to optimize PC-based web sites for mobile phone users becomes an important issue. This article reviews several popular approaches and introduces a method that the authors&#

44、39; firm has developed. Major advantages of this method are that firms can use the same URL for both PC-based and mobile phone-based Web sites and both groups of users can get the layout and content that best fit their devices. The article presents examples to illustrate the features of the optimiza

45、tion process.KEY WORDS Mobile site optimization, WAP, e-commerceThe transition from "2G" (voice-only systems to "3G" (high data speed or "2.5G" (medium data speed systems is almost complete. Almost all phones sold today in the United States include a color screen and so

46、me way of accessing the Web, referred to as smart phones herein. More people use their smart phones (Blackberry, Treo, RAZR, and now the I-Phone to gain access to the Internet than ever before.Current Web sites are accessible by Internet-compatible phones, but only with regard to text; for example,

47、online shopping via smart phone is virtually impossible for most mobile sites. To enable online commerce, mobile-configured online stores generally rely on third-party hosts or require an application to be installed on the mobile user's smart phone. In the case of a third-party-hosted site, the

48、mobile user gets redirected from the regular Web siteto the third party's site. The URL of the third party appears to the mobile user and thus creates some confusion. The hosting site charges a fee (per transaction or as a percentage of the transaction revenues. Furthermore, there needs to be an

49、 application that enables the retailer to manage the content on the mobile platforms. The solution that requires an application installed on the smart phone usually works only on a particular network's devices.Current Status of M-commerceMost sites transfer their entire content onto small mobile

50、 screens. Despite the significant buzz about the I-Phone and its Internet interface, it suffers inherent issues, including its small screen size, which must receive content and load from larger PC/MAC formats, minimal market penetration, and competition from other smart phones in the marketplace. Th

51、is scenario often creates long waits for text, links, and functionality to load, followed by another significant delay as the images load on top of one another. The images shrink to fit the screen and, in most cases, become unreadable. Sites therefore become linear, meaning that the pages scroll at

52、more than 20 times the height of the screen to fit all the content and images. After the first page loads, passwords, usernames, and most functionality are clickable but not functional, meaning that users can click through to the next screen, but data collection behind the scenes does not always wor

53、k, leaving the user frustrated.Several different scenarios currently exist in the mobile commerce marketplace, yet they still do not provide a real solution for companies that want to manage their brand and offer their consumers a user-friendly interface to view products and make mobile purchases. W

54、AP ApproachThe Wireless Application Protocol (WAP represents the most widely used solution to date for mobile content and mobile functionality. It takes content designed for the PC/MAC world and forces its conformity with the mobile platform, which requires removing some content and alienating the o

55、riginal user interface and functionality to make sites fit the mobile platform. Specifically, WAP technology removes anything that is not mobile compatible, often completely destroying the usability. With this approach, the mobile Internet provides a difficult interface for end users, and the genera

56、l public therefore avoids the mobile Internet. Internet Web sites generally are created with one platform in mind, namely, the PC/MAC world.The Major League Baseball site provides an example of an ecommerce site designed for the PC/MAC platform that has been forced onto a mobile platform through the

57、 WAP approach. All commerce charges sent through this site are added to the customer's phone bill, becausethe functionality does not flow properly through WAP.Mobile-Optimized Web SitesA mobile-optimized site, provides comprehensive capabilities to the phone user. The visual presentation is conf

58、igured to the size of the phone screen, so the retailer can control page layout and the way it scrolls on the phone screen. The navigation across the site also is tuned to the phone screen; navigation buttons are ergonomically positioned on the phone screen, and they move the user to specially desig

59、ned locations within the Web site. The user also receives full graphic capabilities, so the retailer can control background images and closely manage the visual design and branding of the site. The Web site also can feature embedded images that may be designed specifically to accommodate the size of the phone screen. Media capabilities allow animation, interactivity, the in