略談漢語(yǔ)中幾種特殊句型的翻譯

1、略談漢語(yǔ)中幾種特殊句型的翻譯    摘要：漢語(yǔ)中有些特殊句型，如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等，不是與英語(yǔ)非完全對(duì)應(yīng)，就是為英語(yǔ)所無(wú)。本文分析了這些句型的特點(diǎn)，歸納了翻譯這些句型的基本技巧。    關(guān)鍵詞：漢語(yǔ)；英語(yǔ)；特殊句型；翻譯；技巧漢語(yǔ)中有些常見(jiàn)句型，如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等，其翻譯沒(méi)有、也不可能有固定的公式可以套用，如漢語(yǔ)的判斷詞”是”不一定總是翻譯成英語(yǔ)的系動(dòng)詞be。但是，通過(guò)紛繁的譯例，我們?nèi)匀豢梢蕴剿鞒龇g這些句型的有效方法和策略。(一) “是”字句的翻譯:“是”字句

2、在漢語(yǔ)中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?，但并非所有的”是”都是判斷詞，因此不能機(jī)械地用英語(yǔ)的連系動(dòng)詞be來(lái)翻譯，必須結(jié)合語(yǔ)境含義譯之。漢語(yǔ)中的”是”可表示等同、類(lèi)屬、特征、存在等意義；”是的”含有被動(dòng)意義；與”才”、”就”、”正”等連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào)；”是”還可以表示一種直觀表象或結(jié)果。下面介紹一些”是”字句的翻譯方法。1. 譯為英語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞be-改革是振興中國(guó)的唯一出路，是人心所向，大勢(shì)所趨，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized, a process which is irreversible and whic

3、h accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events.-那年月，有錢(qián)人是天天過(guò)年。In those years, the rich peoples extravagance was such that everyday was a Spring Festival.-是黨和政府的正確方針和政策，促進(jìn)了廣大農(nóng)村的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。It is the correct principles and policies of our Party and Government that have promoted the econ

4、omic prosperity of Chinas vast rural areas.2. 省略”是”字-武漢是長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)的特大城市，是湖北省的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技中心。Wuhan, a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of Hubei Province. (譯文利用同位語(yǔ)，將第一個(gè)”是”省略)-中國(guó)是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力水平總

5、的還比較低。As the largest developing country in the world China has a relatively low level of productive forces on the whole.-工業(yè)企業(yè)效益差是當(dāng)前許多矛盾的癥結(jié)所在。All the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises today boil down to scanty economic returns.3. 譯為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-革命者是殺不完的。Revolutionaries can never be wiped out.

6、-這雙皮鞋是定做的。This pair of leather shoes are custom-made.-這種裝置在機(jī)械表制造工業(yè)中是很需要的。This kind of device is much needed in the mechanical watch-making industry.4. 根據(jù)”是”的實(shí)際意義翻譯-創(chuàng)新是一個(gè)民族進(jìn)步的靈魂。Innovation sustains the progress of a nation.-這是大勢(shì)所趨，人心所向。This represents the general trend of development and the common a

7、spiration of the people.-澳門(mén)問(wèn)題的圓滿(mǎn)解決，是中葡兩國(guó)關(guān)系史上的一個(gè)重要里程碑。The successful settlement of the Macao question marks an important milestone in the annals of Sino-Portuguese relation.-這個(gè)增長(zhǎng)速度是指導(dǎo)性的，是就全國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)的。This growth rate serves as a guide which applies to the country as a whole.5. 譯為but it is (was)-這個(gè)故事好是好，就是長(zhǎng)

8、了點(diǎn)。It is a good story all right, but its a bit too long.6. 用there be結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯表示”凡是”的”是”字-是重活，他都搶著干。Whenever theres a tough job, he is always the first to do it.(二) “得”字句的翻譯漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)助詞”得”一般用在動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后，連接補(bǔ)語(yǔ)成分，表示能力、可能性、結(jié)果、程度等。漢語(yǔ)的”得”字，可根據(jù)其語(yǔ)法功能，利用英語(yǔ)的詞法或句法手段翻譯。1. 用情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞翻譯”得”字英語(yǔ)的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞can, could, be able to可以表示能力；may,

9、 might, can, could表示可能性，因此可以利用它們來(lái)翻譯表示能力或可能性的”得”字。例如：-她的英語(yǔ)講得好。She can speak English well.-你干得了這件事嗎？Can you do it?-他看得出兩者的差別。He was able to see the difference between the two.2. 用詞法手段翻譯”得”字英語(yǔ)的后綴-ible, -able構(gòu)成的詞語(yǔ)可以表示能力或可能性，因此也可利用這類(lèi)詞翻譯”得”字。例如：-有些星星肉眼都看得很清楚。Some stars are quite visible to the unaided eye

10、.-這個(gè)人靠得住嗎?Is the man reliable ?-這個(gè)道理講得通。The reason is acceptable.3. 用固定結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯”得”字當(dāng)”得”字表示結(jié)果或程度時(shí)，可利用英語(yǔ)中表示相同意義的固定結(jié)構(gòu)如so that等來(lái)翻譯。例如：-地板霉?fàn)€得有許多地方不能再擦洗了。The floors were in so rotten a condition that many of them could not be scrubbed.-不要高興得忘乎所以。Dont be so happy as to forget everything.-天氣悶熱得大家喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)。It was su

11、ch a hot and stuffy weather that people were out of breath.-這些蘋(píng)果酸得不能吃。These apples are too sour for eating.4. 省略”得”字有時(shí)，”得”字無(wú)需翻譯，只需翻譯”得”字位于其中的短語(yǔ)即可。例如：-他們倆人很合得來(lái)。Both of them got well along with each other.-學(xué)生們聽(tīng)課聽(tīng)得很入神。The students listened to the lecture attentively.-你來(lái)得正是時(shí)候。You came in the nick of tim

12、e. -游客們玩得很開(kāi)心。The visitors had a wonderful time.-這件事情做得非常出色。Its exceedingly well done. (三) “把”字句的翻譯同漢語(yǔ)”是”字句一樣，”把”字句也是漢語(yǔ)的一種常見(jiàn)句型。漢語(yǔ)中的”把”字主要起引導(dǎo)受事者的作用，語(yǔ)態(tài)形式上表現(xiàn)為主動(dòng)式，因此使?jié)h語(yǔ)減少了被動(dòng)句的使用頻率，很多被動(dòng)意義都可借助”把”字句來(lái)表達(dá)?！卑选弊帧背Ｅc表示人的生理或心理狀態(tài)的詞語(yǔ)，如”忙、累、急、氣”等搭配，引導(dǎo)表示結(jié)果的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；”把”字可與”一”、”當(dāng)作”、”給”等連用，構(gòu)成”把一”、”把當(dāng)作”、”把給”句型；”把”可用于句首建構(gòu)祈使句

13、?！卑选弊值姆g要兼顧其語(yǔ)法及語(yǔ)義功能以及英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。1. 省略”把”字-我錯(cuò)把她當(dāng)作她的孿生妹妹了。I mistook her for her sister.-他的話(huà)幾乎把我給氣瘋了。What he said almost made me go mad.-房地產(chǎn)商人把沿海灘的空地全部搶購(gòu)一空。The real estate businessmen took up all the land available along the beach.-今天是什么風(fēng)把你給吹來(lái)的?What has brought you here today ?2. 譯為被動(dòng)句-他所做的一切把我感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚。I

14、was moved to tears by what he had done.-把這些救災(zāi)物資送到洪災(zāi)區(qū)是當(dāng)前的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)。It is currently the first and foremost thing that these disaster-relief supplies should be dispatched to the flood-stricken areas.-隆隆的大炮聲把傀儡軍嚇壞了。The puppet soldiers were frightened to death by the rumbling of cannons.(四) “搞”字句的翻譯目下，”搞”字在漢語(yǔ)

15、里的流行之勢(shì)，使有人發(fā)出”怎一個(gè)搞字了得”的感嘆。關(guān)于”搞”的妙用，作家孫紹振說(shuō)：“搞字的功能可分為兩類(lèi)：丑的則遮蔽，不丑的則美化；可謂有美皆備，無(wú)麗不臻?！辫b于”搞”在漢語(yǔ)中倍受青睞這一語(yǔ)言事實(shí)，其翻譯就成為繞不過(guò)去的問(wèn)題。”搞”字意思之豐富，用得之活，不是漢語(yǔ)的”做”所能望其背項(xiàng)的，如果不考慮風(fēng)格和情感，倒有點(diǎn)像英語(yǔ)的do，幾乎是個(gè)”萬(wàn)能”動(dòng)詞。”搞”字的翻譯，應(yīng)當(dāng)具體問(wèn)題具體分析，弄清其在具體語(yǔ)境中的具體含義，然后再選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)譯之。1. 譯為動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“搞”最常見(jiàn)的意義是”做”、”干”、”弄”、”從事”、”進(jìn)行”等，因此可用do, get, make, work, practis

16、e, engage in, go in for等來(lái)翻譯。例如：-搞字對(duì)字的翻譯常常是行不通的。It is often unacceptable to do a word-to-word translation.-這事沒(méi)啥搞頭。Theres no point in doing that.-中國(guó)現(xiàn)在實(shí)行對(duì)外開(kāi)放、對(duì)內(nèi)搞活的政策。China is now implementing the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.-他倆合起來(lái)搞我。The two of them joine

17、d in making things difficult for me.-我們想搞水果蔬菜生意。We are thinking of starting up in the fruit and vegetable trade.-他一心要把對(duì)手搞臭。He is bent on discrediting his opponent.2. 譯為其他詞類(lèi)-你們?cè)诟闶裁疵?What are you up to ? (“搞”譯為副詞短語(yǔ)up to)-我們的國(guó)家大，人口眾多，經(jīng)濟(jì)落后，農(nóng)業(yè)要搞上去，最重要的還是要調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民的積極性，自力更生，艱苦奮斗。Agricultural advance in so vas

18、t a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all else mobilizing the initiative of peasants to work hard and self-reliantly. (“搞”譯為名詞advance)3. 省略“搞”字-我們確定搞兩個(gè)開(kāi)放：一個(gè)是對(duì)內(nèi)開(kāi)放，一個(gè)是對(duì)外開(kāi)放。We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely, to open up both externally and internally.-但我的事現(xiàn)在搞得滿(mǎn)城風(fēng)雨，人人皆知了。But there had been too much publicity about my case.-我們必須一心一意搞建設(shè)。We must concentrate on economic development.-這工作不好搞。This is a difficult job.4. 譯為被動(dòng)句-能不能盡快把科技搞上去，這是一個(gè)關(guān)系