畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-美國的農(nóng)村金融體制

1、河南科技學(xué)院新科學(xué)院 2021屆本科畢業(yè)論文 英文文獻及翻譯Rural Financial Management In America 學(xué)生姓名： 所在系別： 經(jīng)濟系 所學(xué)專業(yè)： 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易 導(dǎo)師姓名： 完成時間： 2021年12月1日-9日 American of rural financial systemThe United States is the world agriculture of the most developed countries, this with a complete the rural financial system are inseparable. A

2、merican building the rural financial system are fundamental principles for agricultural development fund supports. After years of development, the rural America from whole formed a multi-level and comprehensive financial systems, through government subsidy, the development of rural financial system,

3、 increase agricultural loans and agricultural production socialization and other channels for agriculture, agricultural development, meet the financing of various funds for agricultural modernization needs, provides funding. American rural financial system belongs to a kind of composite credit model

4、, this model has the following characteristics: one is to provide agricultural credit funds of organizations, both professional rural financial institutions, there are other types of financial institutions. 2 it is in financial organization system, general is cooperative financial institution, polic

5、y financial institutions and commercial financial institutions co-existing. The United States has now formed the government leading rural policy finance, rural cooperative financial system and a rural commercial finance system. (a) American policy of rural financial system According to the American

6、agricultural credit law to establish a rational division of labor and cooperation of policy-related finance system that by farmers' living bureau, rural electrification bureau, commodity credit company and small business administration composition. American policy rural financial institutions is

7、 by the U.S. federal government leading created, especially for its agriculture development and rural development to provide financing institution. Its main function is for agricultural production and activities related to the agricultural production provide credit funds and service, and through the

8、 adjustment of agricultural credit activity production scale and the direction of development, implementation of rural financial policy, the control of agricultural development scale, etc. These financial institutions funds mainly comes from the government provides capital, budget, loan turnover fun

9、ds and part, borrowing funds utilization is mainly provides some commercial Banks and other lenders is not willing to provide loans, in loan object on different records. 1. To improve farmers' living, improvement of agricultural production for the purpose of peasants living innings. Farmers'

10、 living innings of the predecessor is agricultural revitalize administration, the agency not profit-minded purpose, aims to help the poor areas and low-income farmers solve fund shortage problem, its borrower is mainly who cannot from commercial Banks and other agricultural credit institutions of ag

11、ricultural loans to employees. In recent years, farmers living bureau also become American government to implement the agricultural policy, the main tool. If the U.S. government to rational utilization of agricultural production resources and family to farmers by farmers extend bureau of water conse

12、rvancy and land improvement loans, time limit can be 40 years. In 1990s, farmers living in state, county bureau set up offices has reached more than 1700, strongly support the development of agriculture. Farmers' living bureau of capital operation is mainly provides loans and guarantee. Farmers&

13、#39; living bureau of loans into direct loan scheme and emergency loan program two kinds, including farm ownership loans, operating expenditure loans, crackage construction loan, water conservancy development and soil conservation loans, etc; Farmers' living bureau is mainly to the commercial Ba

14、nks and other financial institutions according to the farmers living bureau loan scheme to farmers the borrower loan assure. 2. To improve rural public facilities and conditions and the establishment of the rural electrification bureau. Rural community development, the construction of water conserva

15、ncy, electric power facilities and other relevant rural basic construction issue that needs to be unified planning to address common, countries should give financial support and provide the necessary credit help. Founded in 1935 of rural electrification bureau, is also the usda subsidiary institutio

16、ns, Its main functions are on rural thermal-power cooperatives and farms the borrower loan to improve rural electrification level. The agency's fund use is also known for loans and guarantee primarily. 3. Commodity credit company. In 1933, the U.S. government established commodity credit company

17、 mainly in order to respond to natural disasters and agricultural crisis. Commodity credits to farm because company natural disasters caused the reduction of give subsidies, and agricultural production insurance are similar. Its main function is implementing the administration of price and income su

18、pport program that price support, control of agricultural production, avoid agriculture production waves to the agricultural producers impact, safeguard the interests of consumers. The fund application forms mainly for providing loans and payment subsidies, mainly including agricultural mortgages, w

19、arehousing, drying and other treatment equipment loans, disaster subsidies and price subsidies. In addition, the United States has a kind of policy-based financial institutions - small business administration, is specialized for not from other normal channel gaining sufficient funds of small busines

20、ses to provide financing to help. The fund mainly comes from parliament appropriated turnover funds and withdraw the loan principal and interest, etc, the fund is mainly used for issuing direct loans, participate in joint loan and guarantee and other special credit. Small business administration on

21、small farms lending is with peasants living bureau division of collaboration, if small farm borrower economic conditions and bad loans small, then by farmer family bureau fund supports, when small farm borrower economic status improved, the more loan demand by the small business administration provi

22、ded. (b) American rural cooperative finance system Benefited from the United States highly developed economic and financial system, American rural constructed comparatively perfect cooperation financial system. In the early 20th century, American agricultural credit financing is mostly by private in

23、stitutions and individuals with, such credit funds of the quantity is limited, and period is shorter, as the us economy development, the financial system has clearly can not adapt to the needs of the development of modern agriculture. The U.S. government began in 1916 NongDai formulated a series of

24、law, set up by the U.S. government leading NongDai grass-roots organization specialized Banks and credit system. Its main purpose is passed on the agricultural organizations, agricultural development project lending, expand agricultural funds available sources, improving farmers' working conditi

25、ons and welfare, increases the farmers' income, accelerate the development of agriculture. Initial rural financial cooperation organization are in government leaders and contributed by support built, along with the national capital gradually introduced, now of the rural cooperative finance has b

26、ecome by farmers have cooperation financial institutions. Now, the rural cooperative finance by federal medium-term credit bank, cooperative Banks, federal land bank and land bank cooperatives three system composition, the three rural cooperative financial institutions are in government leaders and

27、capital support, using a top-down way up. Among them the federal medium-term credit bank is America's most important agricultural credit cooperative system, this system is 1923 by the U.S. government in 12 credit area established 12 families federal medium-term credit bank composition, its main

28、resolving peasants' short-term loans difficult question. Every credit bank credit cooperatives, subordinate many production cooperatives implement shareholding ownership, the borrower must have equivalent to loan sum of 5% to 10% cooperatives stocks or participate in the card. Loan time limit is

29、 1 year commonly, the longest do not exceed seven years. With the corresponding is federal land banking system, this system comprises 12 agricultural credit the federal land bank and its subordinate co-operatives of composition, this system has become the main provider of farmer long-term loans, Fed

30、eral land ownership, each bank implements shares to federal bank must pay a total of ubcta member borrowing capital of 5%, bank shares shall belong to all the cooperatives all, also indirectly shall belong to all the borrower all, Federal land bank only deal with long-term real estate loans, loan ob

31、ject basically is the individual farmer, loan time limit for legal 5-40 years. Cooperative bank system is designed to give us a acquire equipment, supplementary operating funds, buying goods such as providing loans and the establishment of, it by thirteen cooperative Banks composition, 12 credit dis

32、trict each set up a, still include in 1988 was created in Washington's central bank partner. (c) American agricultural insurance system American agricultural insurance system is after fumble ceaselessly, development and form. Early American agricultural insurance is by private insurance companie

33、s, but due to agricultural insurance risk huge, its management of the crop insurance are ended in failure. In order to help farmers deal with agricultural production risks, the American government has been very active in crop insurance plan. Since 1938 the federal crop insurance law enacted, the Ame

34、rican agriculture insurance after 60 years of development, the formation of a relatively complete crop insurance business, safeguard level and farmer participation rate rise ceaselessly, for stable agricultural production, improving national welfare level played an important role. Existing U.S. agri

35、cultural insurance completely by the commercial insurance company management and agent, of course, commercial insurance company will get government in business management fee and insurance premium, support of subsidies, etc. American crop insurance operation of the main points three levels, the firs

36、t layer for federal crop insurance company (risk), mainly be responsible for the nationwide administration planted terms the formulation, the risk control to private insurance companies, reinsurance support; etc. The 2nd is have management of agricultural risks qualification priate insurers, they si

37、gned an agreement with risk administration execution risk administration, and promised to the provisions of article layer is a crop insurance agent and survey nuclear deliberately, American crop insurance agent sales, mainly through specific business, they are responsible for the implementation. 美國的

38、農(nóng)村金融體制 美國是世界上農(nóng)業(yè)最興旺的國家，這與其有完備的農(nóng)村金融體制密不可分。美國構(gòu)建農(nóng)村金融體制的根本原那么是為農(nóng)業(yè)開展提供資金支持。經(jīng)過多年的開展，美國農(nóng)村從整體上形成了多層次、全方位的金融體制，通過政府補貼、開展農(nóng)村金融體系、增加農(nóng)業(yè)貸款和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)社會化等各種渠道，為農(nóng)業(yè)融通資金，滿足農(nóng)業(yè)開展的各種資金需要，為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化提供了資金保障。美國農(nóng)村金融制度屬于一種復(fù)合信用型模式，這種模式具有如下特點：一是提供農(nóng)業(yè)信貸資金的機構(gòu)中，既有專業(yè)的農(nóng)村金融機構(gòu)，也有其他類型的金融機構(gòu)。二是在金融組織體系上，一般是合作性金融機構(gòu)、政策性金融機構(gòu)及商業(yè)性金融機構(gòu)并存。美國現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)形成了政府主導(dǎo)的農(nóng)村政

39、策性金融體系、農(nóng)村合作金融體系以及農(nóng)村商業(yè)性金融體系。 (一)美國的政策性農(nóng)村金融體系 美國根據(jù)?農(nóng)業(yè)信貸法?建立了一個分工合理、相互配合的政策性金融體系，這個體系由農(nóng)民家計局、農(nóng)村電氣化管理局、商品信貸公司和小企業(yè)管理局組成。美國政策性農(nóng)村金融機構(gòu)是由美國聯(lián)邦政府主導(dǎo)創(chuàng)立的，專門針對本國農(nóng)業(yè)開展和農(nóng)村開展提供融資的機構(gòu)。其主要功能是為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有關(guān)的活動提供信貸資金和效勞，并通過信貸活動調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和開展方向，貫徹實施農(nóng)村金融政策，控制農(nóng)業(yè)開展規(guī)模等。這些金融機構(gòu)的資金主要來源于政府提供的資本金、預(yù)算撥款、貸款周轉(zhuǎn)資金和局部借款，資金運用主要是提供一些商業(yè)銀行和其他貸款機構(gòu)不愿

40、提供的貸款，在貸款對象上各有側(cè)重。 1.以改善農(nóng)民生活、改進農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)為宗旨的農(nóng)民家計局。農(nóng)民家計局的前身是農(nóng)業(yè)重振管理局，該機構(gòu)不以盈利為目的，旨在幫助貧困地區(qū)和低收入的農(nóng)民解決資金短缺問題，其借款人主要是那些無法從商業(yè)銀行和其他農(nóng)業(yè)信貸機構(gòu)貸到款的農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)人員。近年來，農(nóng)民家計局也成為美國政府貫徹實施農(nóng)業(yè)政策的主要工具。如美國政府為了合理利用農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資源，通過農(nóng)民家計局對農(nóng)場主發(fā)放興修水利和土地改進貸款，期限可達40年之久。到20世紀90年代，農(nóng)民家計局在各州、縣設(shè)立的辦事處已達1700多個，有力地支持了農(nóng)業(yè)開展。農(nóng)民家計局的資金運用主要是提供貸款和擔(dān)保。農(nóng)民家計局的貸款分為直接貸款方案和緊

41、急貸款方案兩種，包括農(nóng)場所有權(quán)貸款、經(jīng)營支出貸款、農(nóng)房建設(shè)貸款、水利開發(fā)和土壤保護貸款等；農(nóng)民家計局主要是對商業(yè)銀行和其他金融機構(gòu)按農(nóng)民家計局貸款方案向農(nóng)民借款人發(fā)放的貸款提供擔(dān)保。 2.為改善農(nóng)村公共設(shè)施和環(huán)境而設(shè)立的農(nóng)村電氣化管理局。農(nóng)村社區(qū)開展、水利建設(shè)、電力設(shè)施等有關(guān)農(nóng)村根本建設(shè)問題，需要統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃共同解決，國家要給予財政扶持和提供必要的信貸幫助。成立于1935年的農(nóng)村電氣化管理局，也是美國農(nóng)業(yè)部下屬機構(gòu)，其主要職責(zé)是對農(nóng)村電業(yè)合作社和農(nóng)場等借款人發(fā)放貸款從而提高農(nóng)村電氣化水平。該局的資金運用也是以貸款和擔(dān)保為主。 3.商品信貸公司。1933年，美國政府建立商品信貸公司主要是為了應(yīng)對自然

42、災(zāi)害和農(nóng)業(yè)危機。商品信貸公司對農(nóng)場因自然災(zāi)害造成的減產(chǎn)給予補貼，與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)保險相類似。其主要功能是管理實施價格和收入支持方案，進行價格支持，控制農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，防止農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)波動給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者帶來的影響，保護廣闊消費者的利益。其資金運用形式主要為提供貸款和支付補貼，主要包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品抵押貸款、倉儲枯燥和其他處理設(shè)備貸款、災(zāi)害補貼和差價補貼等。 另外，美國還有一種政策性金融機構(gòu)小企業(yè)管理局，專門是為不能從其他正常渠道獲得充足資金的小企業(yè)提供融資幫助。該局資金主要來源于國會撥款的周轉(zhuǎn)基金和收回的貸款本息等，資金主要用于發(fā)放直接貸款、參與聯(lián)合貸款、擔(dān)保以及其他特殊信貸。小企業(yè)管理局對小農(nóng)場的貸款是與農(nóng)民家計局分

43、工協(xié)作的，如果小農(nóng)場借款人經(jīng)濟狀況不好且貸款額度小，那么由農(nóng)民家計局提供資金支持，當小農(nóng)場借款人經(jīng)濟地位得到改善后，其更多的貸款需求那么由小企業(yè)管理局提供。 (二)美國農(nóng)村合作金融體系 受益于美國高度興旺的經(jīng)濟金融體系，美國農(nóng)村也構(gòu)建了比擬完善的合作金融體系。在20世紀初，美國農(nóng)業(yè)信貸資金幾乎都是由私營機構(gòu)和個人提供的，這樣的信貸資金數(shù)量有限，而且期限較短，隨著美國經(jīng)濟的開展，這種金融體系顯然已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)開展的需要。美國政府于1916年開始制定了一系列農(nóng)貸法律，由美國政府主導(dǎo)設(shè)立農(nóng)貸專業(yè)銀行及其基層機構(gòu)組成信貸系統(tǒng)。其主要目的是通過對農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)組織、農(nóng)業(yè)開展工程放貸，擴大農(nóng)業(yè)可用資金的來

44、源，改善農(nóng)民工作條件和福利，增加農(nóng)民收入，加快農(nóng)業(yè)開展。最初的農(nóng)村金融合作組織都是在政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并出資支持下建立起來的，隨著國家資金的逐步推出，現(xiàn)在的農(nóng)村合作金融已成為由農(nóng)場主擁有的合作金融機構(gòu)。 目前，美國農(nóng)村合作金融由聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行、合作銀行、聯(lián)邦土地銀行及土地銀行合作社三大系統(tǒng)組成，這三個農(nóng)村合作金融機構(gòu)都是在政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和出資扶持下，采用自上而下的方式建立起來的。其中聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行是美國最重要的農(nóng)業(yè)信用合作系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是1923年由美國政府在12個信用區(qū)建立的12家聯(lián)邦中期信用銀行組成的，其主要解決農(nóng)民中短期貸款難的問題。每一個信用銀行下屬許多生產(chǎn)信用合作社，合作社實行股權(quán)所有制，借款人必

45、須擁有相當于借款額5%-10%的合作社股金或參與權(quán)證。貸款期限一般為1年，最長不超過7年。與之相對應(yīng)的便是聯(lián)邦土地銀行系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)由12個農(nóng)業(yè)信用區(qū)的聯(lián)邦土地銀行及其下屬的合作社組成，該系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為農(nóng)場主長期貸款的主要提供者；聯(lián)邦土地銀行實行股份所有制，每個合作社必須向聯(lián)邦銀行繳納占本社社員借款總額5%的股金，銀行股權(quán)歸全體合作社所有，也間接地歸全體借款人所有；聯(lián)邦土地銀行只辦理長期不動產(chǎn)貸款，貸款對象主要是個體農(nóng)場主，貸款期限為法定的5-40年。合作銀行系統(tǒng)那么是美國專門為了給合作社添置設(shè)備、補充營運資金、購入商品等提供貸款而設(shè)立的，它由13家合作銀行組成，12個信用區(qū)各設(shè)立一家，還包括19

46、88年在華盛頓成立的中央合作銀行。 (三)美國的農(nóng)業(yè)保險體系美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險體系是經(jīng)過不斷摸索、開展而形成的。早期美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險也是由私營保險公司提供的，但由于農(nóng)業(yè)保險的風(fēng)險巨大，其經(jīng)營的農(nóng)作物保險均以失敗而告終。為了幫助農(nóng)民對付農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)面臨的風(fēng)險，美國政府積極參與了農(nóng)作物保險方案。自1938年?聯(lián)邦農(nóng)作物保險法?公布，美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險經(jīng)過60多年的開展，形成了比擬完備的農(nóng)作物保險業(yè)務(wù)，保障水平和農(nóng)民參與率不斷提高，對于穩(wěn)定農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、提高國民福利水平起到了重要作用?，F(xiàn)行的美國農(nóng)業(yè)保險完全由商業(yè)保險公司經(jīng)營和代理，當然，商業(yè)保險公司會得到政府在經(jīng)營管理費和保險費補貼等方面的有力支持。美國農(nóng)作物保險的運行主

47、要分三個層次，第一層為聯(lián)邦農(nóng)作物保險公司(風(fēng)險管理局)，主要負責(zé)全國性險種條款的制定，風(fēng)險的控制，向私營保險公司提供再保險支持等；第二層為有經(jīng)營農(nóng)險資格的私營保險公司，它們與風(fēng)險管理局簽訂協(xié)議，并承諾執(zhí)行風(fēng)險管理局的各項規(guī)定第三層是農(nóng)作物保險的代理人和查勘核損人，美國農(nóng)作物保險主要通過代理人銷售，他們負責(zé)具體業(yè)務(wù)的實施.五分鐘搞定5000字畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯，你想要的工具都在這里!在科研過程中閱讀翻譯外文文獻是一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)，許多領(lǐng)域高水平的文獻都是外文文獻，借鑒一些外文文獻翻譯的經(jīng)驗是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻譯外文文獻的時機比擬多，慢慢地就發(fā)現(xiàn)了外文文獻翻譯過程中的三大利器：Google“翻譯頻道、金山詞霸完整版本和CNKI“翻譯助手"。具體操作過程如下： 1.先翻開金山詞霸自動取詞功能，然后閱讀文獻； 2.遇到無法理解的長句時，可以交給Google處理，處理后的結(jié)果猛一看，不堪入目，可是經(jīng)過大腦的再處理后句子的意思根本就明了了； 3.如果通過Google仍然無法理解，感覺就是不同，那肯定是對其中某個“常用單詞理解有