research_methods_in_applied_linguistics文秋芳

1、Research methods in applied linguistics Wen Qiufang Email: Tel. 88815012http:/ is applied linguistics？ Applied linguistics (L-A) Applied linguistics (A-L)http:/ linguistics Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary area that attempts to describe, explain, and work out solutions to social issues an

2、d problems related to real-world language problems, the more prominent among them associated with language learning and teaching. In this context it has long been interested in theoretical issues and also in the practicalities surrounding learning and teaching. The section contains a set of regional

3、 studies of these issues around the world. This develops into a concern for a wide range of issues relating to language and language use in general: bi- and multilingualism, language contact, language policy and planning, and the professional and occupational use and misuse of language. In recent ye

4、ars, research in applied linguistics has also interested itself in general issues in the nature and psychology of second language acquisition and the contribution this can make to linguistic theory in general. Applied linguistics also contributes to research in corpus linguistics, lexicography, lite

5、racy, sociolinguistics, and teacher preparation. Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, ElSEVIERhttp:/ Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. (Brumfit, 1997) How can we teach languages

6、better? How can we diagnose speech pathologies better? How can we improve the training of translators and interpreters? How can we write a valid language examination? How can we evaluate a school bilingual program? How can we determine the literacy levels of a whole population? What advice can we of

7、fer a Ministry of Education on a proposal to introduce a new medium of instruction? How can we compare the acquisition of a European and an Asian language? What advice should we give a defense lawyer on the authenticity of a police transcript of an interview with a suspect? (Davies & Elder, 2004

8、:1)http:/ Applied Linguistics is, in our view, a coherent activity which theorizes through speculative and empirical investigations real-world problems in which language is a central issue (Davies & Elder, 2004:11) http:/ branches of AL Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualism

9、and multilingualism, computer-mediated communication (CMC), conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, language assessment, literacies, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second language acquisition, lexicography, language planning and policies, pragmatics, forensic linguistics, and transla

10、tion.http:/ The 16th World Congress of Applied Linguistics(AILA2011) will be held in Beijing on August 23-28, 2011 Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee (AILA) International Association of Applied Linguistics (國國際應(yīng)用語言學(xué)協(xié)會際應(yīng)用語言學(xué)協(xié)會)http:/ linguistics Language Acquisition and Processing F

11、irst Language Acquisition Second Language Acquisition Written and Visual Literacy Psycholinguistics Language Teaching and Learning Mother Tongue Education Foreign Language Teaching and Teacher Development Learner Autonomy in Language Learning Language and Education in Multilingual Settingshttp:/ lin

12、guistics Language in Professions Business Communication Language and the law Translating, Interpreting and Mediation Language and the workplace Language in Societies Sociolinguistics Language Policy Multilingualism and Multiculturalism Intercultural Communication The potential of linguistic diversit

13、y in Europehttp:/ linguistics Applied linguistics and methodology Contrastive linguistics and Error analysis Language evaluation, Assessment and Testing Educational technology and language learning Multimodality in discourse and text Lexicography and lexicologyhttp:/ journalsAnnual Review of Applied

14、 LinguisticsAnnual Review of Applied Linguistics Applied LinguisticsApplied Linguistics International Review of Applied LinguisticsInternational Review of Applied LinguisticsInternational Journal of Applied LinguisticsInternational Journal of Applied LinguisticsIssues in Applied LinguisticsIssues in

15、 Applied LinguisticsLanguage LearningLanguage Learninghttp:/ linguistics (History) 1950s Language Learning: A Journal of Applied Linguistics published from the University of Michigan in 1948. Concerned itself with principles and practices on the basis of linguistics. 1960s Included language assessme

16、nt, language policy, and second language acquisition 1970s became a problem-driven field & included solution to language-related problems in the real world 1990s broadened to include critical studies and multilingualism Language Learning: a journal of research in Language Learning: a journal of

17、research in language studies” in 1993.language studies” in 1993.http:/ reading Cook, Guy (2003) Applied Linguistics (in the series Oxford Introduction to Language Study), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davies, A. & Elder, C. (eds.) (2004) Handbook of Applied Linguistics, Oxford/Malden, MA: Bla

18、ckwell. Johnson, Keith & Johnson, Helen (1999) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, Oxford/Malden, MA: Blackwell. McCarthy, Michael (2001) Issues in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press. Pennycook, Alastair (2001) Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction, London: Lawren

19、ce Erlbaum Associates. Schmitt, Norbert (2002) An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, London: Arnold. http:/ is applied linguistics？ How to read this compound word? Applied linguistics (A-L) Applied linguistics (L-A)http:/ of research Source of data Empirical research Documentary researchhttp:/ res

20、earch paradigms Q u a lita tiv eQ u a n tita tiveMackey, A., Gass, S.M. 2005Mackey, A., Gass, S.M. 2005http:/ features of Quan & Qual approachesBefore data-collectionQuantitativeQualitativeResearch purposeResearch objectResearch questions/HypothesisTheoretical frameworkhttp:/ features of Quan &a

21、mp; Qual approachesIn collecting dataQuantitativeQualitativeSample sizeThe degree of human manipulationThe nature of instrumentFlexibility in change of the designThe role of a researcherhttp:/ features of Quan & Qual approachesIn data analysisQuantitativeQualitativeProcedure of data analysisMeth

22、od of data analysisResult formatConclusionhttp:/ 以研究者本人作為研究工具，在自然環(huán)境以研究者本人作為研究工具，在自然環(huán)境下采用多種資料收集方法，對社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)下采用多種資料收集方法，對社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行整體性研究，主要使用歸納法分析資料行整體性研究，主要使用歸納法分析資料和形成理論，通過與研究對象互動對其行和形成理論，通過與研究對象互動對其行為和意義建構(gòu)獲得解釋性理解的一種活動。為和意義建構(gòu)獲得解釋性理解的一種活動。 （陳向明，（陳向明，20002000：1212）http:/ criteria in empirical research Quanti

23、tative research Qualitative researchhttp:/ criteria in quantitative research Reliability Measurement validity Research validityReliability indicates the Reliability indicates the extent to which our extent to which our measurement instruments measurement instruments and procedures produce and proced

24、ures produce consistent results in a given consistent results in a given population in different population in different circumstances (circumstances (DornyeiDornyei, , 2007:50).2007:50).Please give me examples to Please give me examples to illustrate your understanding of illustrate your understand

25、ing of the term reliabilitythe term reliabilityInter-rater reliabilityInter-rater reliabilitySplit-half reliabilitySplit-half reliabilityInternal consistency: Internal consistency: CronbachCronbach alpha alphaTraditional view: validity as an Traditional view: validity as an attribute of the test; th

26、ree kinds attribute of the test; three kinds of validity (content validity, of validity (content validity, criterion validity, construct criterion validity, construct validity)validity)In 1985, the traditional definition In 1985, the traditional definition of three kinds of validities was of three k

27、inds of validities was replaced by a unitary concept, replaced by a unitary concept, “construct validity”, which is “construct validity”, which is considered to be the considered to be the truthfulness of the interpretation truthfulness of the interpretation of the test scoresof the test scoresLynch

28、 (2003:149) summarizes the new conception clearly:Lynch (2003:149) summarizes the new conception clearly:When examining the validity of assessment, it is important When examining the validity of assessment, it is important to remember that validity is a property of the conclusions, to remember that

29、validity is a property of the conclusions, interpretations or inferences that we draw from the interpretations or inferences that we draw from the assessment instruments and procedures, not the assessment instruments and procedures, not the instruments and procedures themselves.”instruments and proc

30、edures themselves.”http:/ criteria in quantitative research Reliability Measurement validity Research validityThe overall quality of The overall quality of the whole research the whole research ject.a) The meaningfulness of a) The meaningfulness of the interpretations that the interpretat

31、ions that researchers make on the researchers make on the basis of their basis of their observations; b) the observations; b) the extent to which these extent to which these interpretations generalize interpretations generalize beyond the research beyond the research study (Bachman, 2004)study (Bach

32、man, 2004)http:/ threats to research validity The design stage The data-collection stage The data-analysis stage The result-interpreting stagehttp:/ criteria in qualitative researchLincoln and Gubas taxonomyCredibility: internal validity (內(nèi)部效度）內(nèi)部效度）Transferability: external validity（外部效度）（外部效度）Depen

33、dability: reliability （信度）（信度）Confirmability: objectivity （客觀性）（客觀性）http:/ criteria in qualitative research Maxwells taxonomy of validity Descriptive validity (investigator triangulation) Interpretive validity (to obtain participant feedback) Theoretical validity (internal validity) Generalizability (ext