語言學(xué),第十二章

1、外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 Part Two Chapter 12 Theories & schools of modern linguistics 4. American Structuralism 5. Transformational-Generative Grammar6. Case Grammar and Generative Semantics 外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 4. American Structuralism 4.1 Early period: Boas and Sapir4.2 Bloomfields theory4.3 Post

2、-Bloomfieldian Linguistics(omitted)外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American Structuralism American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. It developed in a very different style, from that of Europe, under th

3、e leadership of the anthropologist F. Boas (1858 - 1942), whose tradition has actually influenced the whole of the 20th-century American linguistics.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American StructuralismSpecialized in the anthropology of North America, Boas worked as organizer of a survey of the many indigenou

4、s（本土的） languages of America north of Mexico. The result of the survey was the book Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911). Boas trained the men who investigated other languages. For decades, all the great names of American linguists learned their subject from Boas at first or second hand.Boas1

5、. Early period: Boas and Sapir外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American StructuralismBoas held that there was no ideal type or form of languages, for human languages were endlessly diverse. Boas was strongly opposed to the view that language is the soul of a race, and he proved that the structure and form of a

6、language has nothing to do with the evolution of a race and the development of a culture. Thus, there were only differences in language structure, while there is no difference between languages in terms of being more or less reasonable or advanced.Boas外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 He undertook the descriptio

7、n of American Indian languages after Boass method. Sapir-Worf Hypothesis Universal features of language Without language, thought is impossible, and there is no culture. Sapir 外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921) An anthropological viewpoint The nature of lang

8、uage and its development Focus on typology Elements of speech, the sounds of language, form in language, grammatical process, grammatical concepts, types of linguistic structure, and historical changes Sapir 外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American Structuralism 2. Bloomfields theoryThe principal representativ

9、e of American descriptive linguistics is L. Bloomfield (1887 - 1949). He is such a landmark figure in the history of American linguistics that the period between 1933 and 1950 is known as Bloomfieldian Era, in which American descriptive linguistics formally came into being and reached its prime deve

10、lopment.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American StructuralismBloomfields Language (1933) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and the greatest work in linguistics in the twentieth century which started American structuralism as a school of thought. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of ps

11、ychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as BEHAVIORISM. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement, and the adults use of language is also a process of STIMULUS-RESPONSE.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 2) Beh

12、aviourism.外部刺激：外部刺激：Hunger語言外部實(shí)際語言外部實(shí)際反應(yīng)：反應(yīng)：get her an apple語言的代替性語言的代替性反應(yīng)：反應(yīng)：I want an apple 語言的代替性語言的代替性刺激：刺激：Ok, Ill get it for you.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 Linguistic utterances can be substitutes for stimulus and response外界刺激外界刺激語言反應(yīng)語言反應(yīng)行為反應(yīng)行為反應(yīng)語言刺激語言刺激外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 .Mental processes of the

13、speakerMental processes of the hearerObservable parts: utterancesLearning a language involves constant practice and repetition in real situations rather than merely teaching language learners grammatical theories.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 American Structuralism 3. Post-Bloomfieldian linguisticsInfluenced

14、 by Bloomfields Language, American linguists such as Z. Harris (1909-), C. Hockett (1916-2000), G. Trager, H. L. Smith, A. Hill, and R. Hall further developed structuralism, characterized by a strict empiricism.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 1) Harris Methods in Structural Linguisticsmarking the maturity of A

15、merican descriptive linguistics. 2) Hockett A Course in Modern Linguisticsa well-known textbook in the American descriptive tradition 3) K. Pike their technique of linguistic analysis TAGMEMICS. 4) Sydney M. Lamb cognitive stratification theory外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 5. Transformational-Generative Gram

16、mar NOAM CHOMSKY (1928- ), institute professor at MIT. Linguist, philosopher, and political activist.外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 1) Early theories (1957) Innateness hypothesis Language acquisition mechanism Competence and performance Transformations: generating an infinite set of sentences from a finite se

17、t of elements Deep structure and surface structure Phrase structure rules Transformations外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 Phrase structure rules S NP VP VP V NP NP Det N V act, beat, catch, dive, N man, boy, book, flower, .短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 Transformational rules NP1 + Aux +

18、V + NP2 John + will + write + a story NP2 + Aux + be + en + V + by + NP1 a story + will + be + en + write + by + John轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 The five stages of development of TG Grammar:1) The classical theory (1957)2) The standard theory (1965)3) Extended standard theory4) GB/PP theory (1981)5) The Minimalist Program2) TG Grammar外國語學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院語言學(xué)教程語言學(xué)教程 6. Revisionists? Rebels? 1. Case Grammar Case Grammar is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C.J. Fillmore in the late 1960s. In this grammar, the