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1、Sen sor tech no logyA sen sor is a device which produces a sig nal in resp onse to its detect ing or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have bee n u

2、sed to set limits on the performa nee of machi nes .Com mon examples are (a) stops on mach ine tools to restrict work table moveme nts ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) gover nors on engines to preve nt excessive speed of operati on . Sen sor tech no log

3、y has become an importa nt aspect of manu facturi ng processes and systems .It is esse ntial for proper data acquisiti on and for the mon itori ng , com muni cati on , and computer con trol of mach ines and systems .Because they convert one qua ntity to ano ther , sen sorsofte n are referred to as t

4、ran sducers .An alog sen sors produce a sig nal , such as voltage ,which is proporti onal to the measured qua ntity .Digital sen sors have nu meric or digital outputs that can be tran sferred to computers directly .An alog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for in terfac ing an alog sen sors with compute

5、rs .Classificati ons of Sen sorsSen sors that are of in terest in manu facturi ng may be classified gen erally as follows:Macha ni cal sen sors measure such as qua ntities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .Electrical sen sors measure voltage , c

6、urre nt , charge , and con ductivity .Magn etic sen sors measure magn etic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sen sors measure temperature , flux ,con ductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultras onic , chemical , optical , radiati on , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its

7、 application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , orga nic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semic on ductors .Usi ng the special characteristics of these materials , sen sors covert the qua ntity or property measured to an alog or digital output. The op

8、eratio n of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the differe nee betwee n the thermal expa nsion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by break ing the beam of light whe n sen sed by a photoelec

9、tric cell . A proximity sen sor ( which sen ses and measures the dista nee betwee n it and an object or a moving member of a mach ine ) can be based on acoustics , magn etism , capacita nee , or optics . Other actuators con tact the object and take appropriate actio n ( usually by electromecha nical

10、 means ) . Sen sors are esse ntial to the con duct of in tellige nt robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of huma ns ( smart sen sors , see the followi ng ).This is America, the developme nt of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the scree n, through a remote

11、con trol operator to con trol ano ther man ipulator, through the realizati on of the right abdo minal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibiti on, the Un ited States has bee n successful in achiev ing the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused

12、 a great sen satio n, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, I n fact, it through some equipme nt to some of the lesi ons in specti ons, through a mani pulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the

13、robot un der surgery Robot doctor to in clude doctors with pliers, tweezers or a kn ife to replace the nu rses, while lighti ng automatically to the doctor's moveme nts lin ked, the doctor hands off, lighti ng went off, This is very good, a doctor's assista nt.Tactile sensing is the con ti n

14、u ous of variable con tact forces , com mon ly by an array of sen sors . Such a system is capable of perform ing within an arbitrary three-dime nsio nal space .has gradually shifted from manu facturi ng to non-manu facturi ng and service in dustries, we are talk ing about the car manu facturer bel o

15、nging to the manu facturi ng in dustry, However, the services sector in clud ing clea nin g, refueli ng, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These bel ong to the non-manu facturi ng in dustries and service in dustries, so here is compared with the in dustrial robot, it is a very importa nt differe nee. It

16、is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also in stalled some as a force sen sor and visual sen sors, ultras onic ranging sen sors, etc. It' s surro unding en vir onment for the con duct ofiden tificati on, to determ ine its campaig n to complete some w

17、ork, this is service robot ' s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (mach ine visi on , computer visi on ) , cameral optically sense the prese nee and shape of the object . A microprocessor the n processes the image (usually in less tha n one sec ond ) , the image is measured , and

18、the measureme nts are digitized ( image recog niti on ) .Machi ne visi on is suitable particularly for in accessible parts , in hostile manu facturi ng en vir onments , for measuri ng a large nu mber of small features , and in situatio ns where physics con tact with the part may cause damage .Small

19、sen sors have the capability to perform a logic fun ctio n , to con duct two-way com muni catio n , and to make a decisi ons and take appropriate actions . The n ecessary in put and the kno wledge required to make a decisi on can be built into a smart sen sor . For example , a computer chip with sen

20、 sors can be programmed to turn a mach ine tool off whe n a cutti ng tool fails . Likewise , a smart sen sor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accide ntally coming in con tact with an object or people by using qua ntities such as dista nee , heat , and no ise .Sen sor fusi on . Sen sor fus

21、i on basically invo Ives the in tegrati on of multiple sen sors in such a manner where the in dividual data from each of the sen sors ( such as force , vibrati on , temperature , and dime nsions ) are comb ined to provide a higher level of in formati on and reliability . A com mon applicatio n of se

22、n sor fusi on occurs whe n some one drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidia n eve nt for gran ted ,it readily can be see n that this process invo Ives data in put from the pers on's eyes , lips , ton gue , and hands .Through our basic sen ses of sight , heari ng , smell , t

23、aste , and touch , there is real-time mon itori ng of relative moveme nts , positi ons , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand moveme nt of the cup toward the lip is con trolled and adjusted accord in gly .The earliest applicati ons of sen sor fusi on were in robot moveme nt co

24、n trol , missile flight track ing , and similar military applicati ons . Primarily because these activities invo Ive moveme nts that mimic huma n behavior . Ano ther example of sen sor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors mo ni tors (a) the dime nsions and

25、 surface fin ish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrati ons ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regi ons of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spin dle power .An importa nt aspect in sen sor fusi on is sen sor validati on : the failure of one particular sen sor is detected so that the c

26、on trol system mai ntai ns high reliability . For this applicatio n ,the recei ving of redu ndant data from differe nt sen sors is esse ntial . It can be see n that the recei ving , in tegrat ing of all data from various sen sors can be a complex problem .With adva nces in sen sor size , quality , a

27、nd tech no logy and con ti nued developme nts in computer-c on trol systems , artificial n eural n etworks , sen sor fusi on has become practical and available at low cost .Moveme nt is relatively in depe ndent of the nu mber of comp onen ts, the equivale nt of our body, waist is a rotary degree of

28、freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Mea nwhile there is a wrist posture adjustme nt to the use of the three aut onomy, the gen eral robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locati ons, three postures, the robot

29、fully achieved, and of course we have less tha n six degrees of freedomFiber-optic sen sors are being developed for gas-turb ine engines . These sen sors will be in stalled in critical locatio ns and will mon itor the con diti ons in side the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas

30、 . Con ti nu ous mon itori ng of the sig nals from thes sen sors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the n ecessary data for impro ving the efficie ncy of the engines .傳感器技術傳感器一種通過檢測某一參數(shù)而產(chǎn)生信號的裝置。 這一參數(shù)可以是位置、力、 力矩、壓力、溫度、濕度、速度、加速度或震動。從傳統(tǒng)意義上來說,傳感器(比 如執(zhí)行器、開關)可用于限制機器參數(shù)的極限位置。常見的傳感器有(

31、a)限制工作臺運動的機床停止開關,(b)具有自動關閉功能的壓力儀表和溫度儀表,(c) 防止速度超限的調(diào)速器。傳感器技術已成為制造過程和系統(tǒng)的重要方面。它對于 數(shù)據(jù)的正確采集、機器和系統(tǒng)的檢測、通訊以及計算機控制是很必要的。傳感器能夠?qū)⒁环N物理量轉換為另一種物理量, 因此,傳感器通常(被看作) 指轉換器。模擬傳感器產(chǎn)生信號,比如電壓信號,該信號與被測物理力量成一定 比例。數(shù)字傳感器具有數(shù)字輸出,該數(shù)字輸出能夠直接被傳遞到計算機上。 模數(shù) 轉換器能夠在模擬傳感器和計算機之間起到接口作用。傳感器的分類在制造業(yè)中,傳感器可以分為以下幾類:機械類傳感器可以用來測量位置、 形狀、速度、力、力矩、壓力、震動

32、、應變和質(zhì)量。電器類傳感器可以用來測量 電壓、電流、電荷、電傳導率。磁傳感器可以用來測量磁場、磁通量、磁導率。 熱傳感器可以用來測量溫度、熱流、熱傳導率以及特殊熱量。其他類型的傳感器 有聲學傳感器、超聲波傳感器、化學傳感器、光學傳感器、放射傳感器、激光傳 感器、光纖傳感器。根據(jù)應用的不同,傳感器可以由金屬材料、非金屬材料、有機材料、無機材 料以及流體、氣體、等離子體和半導體構成。利用這些材料的不同特性,傳感器 將被測的物理量或參數(shù)轉換為模擬信號或數(shù)字信號輸出。比如,普通的水銀溫度 計的工作原理就是根據(jù)水銀和玻璃的熱膨脹率的不同而工作的。類似地,當機器某一零件、物體障礙物、被測量與傳感器空間中的障礙物遮 擋住光束時,就可被光電器件感知并檢測到。接近開關(指感知并測量開關與物 體或機器的運動之間的距離)可根據(jù)聲學、磁學、電容、光學原理工作。其他執(zhí) 行器依靠接觸物體來執(zhí)行相應的操作(通常機電一體化的方法)。傳感器對于智能機器人的控制是不可缺少的,并且通過模仿人類,傳感器的特性得到了很大發(fā) 展。觸覺傳感技術通過一組傳感器可以連續(xù)不斷的測量接觸力的變化。這樣一個系統(tǒng)能夠監(jiān)控任意的三維空間。在視

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