現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時--時態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)三(胡葉雙)

1、Yaju Education雅居教育，樂在其中！ 一對一個性輔導(dǎo) 胡葉雙 2013-3-30 課題: 現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時(時態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)三)一、現(xiàn)在完成時 過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，過去某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。1.構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在完成時是由助動詞 have(has)+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動詞說明該謂語是屬于現(xiàn)在時范圍。它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞，說明句子的意義。2.用法:（1）表示動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如： -Have you had lunc

2、h yet?     -Yes,I have. I've just had it.（2）表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。這個動作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。    如：He has taught here since 1981.  他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗，一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice, ever, never, three times等時間狀語。如：I ha

3、ve been to Beijing twice. 3結(jié)構(gòu)1）  陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)：主語have( has)（not）+過去分詞其它 have not=havent   has not=hasnt.2）  一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：Have( Has )主語過去分詞其它？3）  特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞have(has) +主語+ 過去分詞其它？Eg: Has he finished his homework yet?   -Yes, he has./ No, he hasnt./ No, not yet.4.現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語（1）現(xiàn)在完

4、成時屬于現(xiàn)在時范圍，故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強調(diào)動作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時，可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑問句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未“

5、等。  如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎？I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。c.用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。如： He has been there three times the last few days.近幾年他去過那里三次了。d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時間狀語，如：now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。例如： Ho

6、w many times have you been there this year?今年你去過那里多少次？（2）現(xiàn)在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時間”的狀語連用,表示動作或狀態(tài)從某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.  但是，像come, arrive, buy等終止性動詞不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。要用，必須改為“be（在）”等延續(xù)性動詞來表述。現(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動詞到延續(xù)性動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：  arrivebe here    

7、;   begin(start)be on die be dead          comebe get upbe up                       go out  be out finish be over &

8、#160;          open be open        buy have put on   wear 或be on       join be in close be closed         

9、0;        borrow keep           如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。        His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。    5.現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別

10、 現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時都表示在過去完成的動作。但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，而一般過去時只表示動作在過去某一時刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：       I have lost my new book.  我把新書丟了。（現(xiàn)在還未找到）       I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書丟了。（昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒說明）6.幾點注意事項（1）have been(to)與h

11、ave gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時某人不在當?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。 He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。（2）如單純表示一段時間，或強調(diào)一段時間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時。如：It is two years since his father died. =His

12、 father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。（3）終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。     如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。典型例題1、 -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 2

13、、 -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 3、You don't need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 4、-I'm sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I

14、_ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 二、過去完成時1、定義表示發(fā)生在過去的動作對過去晚些時候造成的影響或結(jié)果過去某一動作一直持續(xù)到過去晚些時候?qū)砜赡苓€要延續(xù)。句中的動作發(fā)生在過去之前（過去的過去），即過去完成時動作發(fā)生在過去的過去。 He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他說他已經(jīng)去過北京兩次。（因為“說”said就是過去式，而去北京的動作發(fā)生在說said 的過去，所以用過完而不用現(xiàn)完。 過去完成時常用的時間狀語有 （1）、by the end of

15、last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. （2）、By the time sb. +動詞過去式 The bus had already left by the time I got there. 2、基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+had+過去分詞.(done) 肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞. 否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞. 一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答：Yes,主語+had. 否定回答：No,主語+had not . 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句（Had+主語+過去分詞）？

16、被動語態(tài)：主語+had（hadn't)+been+過去分詞 3、基本用法（1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，也可以說過去的時間關(guān)于過去的動作。即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句 (在復(fù)合句中，由時間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時間狀語從句 )來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.（2）表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since

17、構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。例如： He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.（3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine4、過去完成時-語法判定A、由時間狀語來判定。一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：（ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o

18、9;clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. B、由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。C、根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I

19、 met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing. 5、過去完成時-語法區(qū)別（1）、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時間為基點，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，以過去時間為基點，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。 比較：I have learned 1000 En

20、glish words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） （2）、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點： A.

21、 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。 比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. B. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the fi

22、rst in the composition competition. C. 當兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.習(xí)題訓(xùn)練一、用所給動詞的適當形式填空。1.I_already_(see)the film. I_(see)it last w

23、eek.2._ he _(finish) his work today ? Not yet .3._you _(be)to Hong Kong ?Yes,I _(be)there twice .4._ you ever _(eat )chocolate sundaes? No, never.5.My father _just _(come) back from work.He is tired now.6.Where's Li Ming? He_(go)to the teacher's office.7.Shanghai _(be) a small town hundreds

24、of years ago. Now it _ (become) a large city.8.I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.9.So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.10.How long _the Wangs _(stay) here?For two weeks.二.填空1. A. 用 already或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures _? No, not _.2) Most of us have finished our com

25、positions _3) He said he hadn't visited the exhibition _.B.用 since或 for1) We have learned five lessons _ the beginning og this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital _last week.3) I have stayed at my aunt's _two weeks.C. 用have gone或 have been1) Where are the boy students ? They _ to the schoo

26、l factory.2) Is your father in ? No, he _ to Shenzhen. _he ever _ there before ? Yes, he _ there several times3) He asked me if _ to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I _ never _ to that city before. 三. 選擇填空.1.Mother _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me w

27、ell.A. had madehave tried B. madehave triedC. has madetried D. madetried2 "He _to draw horses already". "When _ he ?" " Last year " A. learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid3._ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago.A. Didcopydid B. Haveco

28、piedhave C. Havecopieddid D. Did copyhad4. _you _ the film before ? Where _ you _ it ?A. Have seendidsee B. Did seedidwatchC. Haveseenhaveseen D. Did seehaveseen .5.You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five.A. keptwaited B. have keptwaited C. kepthave waited D. have kepthave waited 6_ t

29、he baby still _ ? No, it _ crying. A. Hascriedhas stopped B. Iscryingstopped C. Did crystopped D. Iscryinghas stopped7. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years.A. knewhave lived C. knewlive C. knowhave lived D. knowlive8. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have.A. Havegone to B. Havegone in C. Havebee

30、n to D. Have been in9. By the time I _ back they _ up ten satellites.A. camehave sent B. camehad sent C. comehave sent D. had comesent10. We _ out by that time that he _ a spy for a long time.A. had foundhad been B. had foundwas C. foundhad been D. foundwas11. Before the news _ him, he _ to know abo

31、ut it.A. reacheshas got B. reachedhad got C. reachedgot D. had reachedgot12. I _ him a second letter before I _ from him.A. wroteheard B. wrotehad heard C. had writtenheard D. have writtenhear加強練習(xí)一、 單項選擇。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _what's happened to him.（呼和浩特） A. knew B. have know

32、n C. must know D.will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai, has he ?A. already B.never C.ever D. still3、Our country _ a lot so far.Yes. I hope it will be even _.A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better4、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.A. was ; st

33、udying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying5、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice.A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see6、These farmers have been to the United States.Really ? When _ there ?A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone 7、_ you _ your homework y

34、et? Yes . I _ it a moment ago.A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done; finished C. Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finish8、 His father _ the Party since 1978.A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in9、How long have you _ here?About two months.A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived10、Hurry up! T

35、he play _ for ten minutes.A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began11、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_ to the library.A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been12、My parents _ Shandong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been13、The students have clea

36、ned the classroom,_?A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they14、_has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he _ to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 二.用動詞的適當形式填空1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (ma

37、ke) a will before he _ (die).3. They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave).4. The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen _ (arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call.7. Tom _ (say) he _ (read) the

38、book twice.8. Our plan _ (fail ) because we _ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave)the hall.10.The Reads _ _ (have) lunch when I _(get) to their house.單詞拼寫練習(xí)1. -where is your mum? -She is busy cooking d_ in the kitchen.2. Sorry ,its noisy here and I cant h_ what you said .Could you please say it again?3. Your new school bag looks nice .Ho