MBA 聯(lián)考閱讀理解應(yīng)試教程 A Course of MBA Readin

1、第五節(jié)理解文章中的舉例與引用為了使自己的觀點更有說服力、更加明確，作者常常使用一些具體的實例（包括比喻），或引用名人名言、論斷或他人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。作者的目的是借以說明自己的觀點。試題設(shè)計者往往以此設(shè)計問題，成為提問的焦點。例21 2002年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第二篇文章 Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an apple you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green

2、. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried.Nothing can be

3、more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements that has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and green

4、ness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalized the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenne

5、ss. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say, “All hard and green apples are sour; this

6、apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.” That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism (三段論法), and has all its various parts and terms its major premises, its minor premises, and conclusion. And, by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exh

7、ibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination. “I willnot have that apple.” So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case.Well now, suppose, ha

8、ving got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!” Your friend says to you, “But how do you know that?” You at once apply,

9、“Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found them to be so.” Well, if we were talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, “I have heard from people. In Somersetshire and Devons

10、hire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing. It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been di

11、rected to the subject.” Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is perhaps he does not know hebelieves it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at that the more varied the conditions under which the same

12、 results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down

13、 must be a good one, and he must believe it.55. Apples are used _.A. in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellectB. to illustrate the subject of the passageC. to give color to the storyD. to show how foolish logic is作者主要想解釋邏輯上歸納法（induction)和演繹法(deduction)，作者沒有從理論上來解釋什么是歸納法和演繹法，而是通過吃蘋果

14、這個例子加以解釋。因此問題的答案應(yīng)是選項B（闡釋文章的主題）。例22 2003年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第一篇文章 A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.

15、 After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?” “I dont know,” replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them.” From the demonstratio

16、n of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonder

17、s that have evolved from Faradayand other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms to Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 e

18、lephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so me

19、aningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kays flying Shuttle in 1733. James Hargreaves Spinning

20、Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmud Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785.51.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that _.A. politicians tax everythingB. people are skeptical about the values of pure researchC. government should support scientistsD. he was rejected by his

21、government 例23 2003年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第二篇文章第一段By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible (容易受影響的) to the environment that man differs from the animals, a

22、nd the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity（遺傳；繼承）. When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Th

23、us the “ant-lion” whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen（腹部）, goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it. It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engage

24、d upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions (asuseless as cultivating an unsown field) or dies in helpless inactivity”. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion（堡壘）of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a hal

25、f finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.56. What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph?A. Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situation.B. When it is engaged in a chain

26、 actions it cannot be interrupted.C. Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects.D. Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important.從以上三篇實考試題來看，要解決根據(jù)舉例和引用設(shè)計的問題，考生的切入點應(yīng)該放在文章主旨大意、某一段作者所表達的觀點或要說明的某個問題上。掌握了篇章的中心議題、作者的某個觀點和說明的要點，就能有

27、把握地解決與舉例和引用有關(guān)的問題。第三章第三章 閱讀理解測試題型及解題技巧閱讀理解測試題型及解題技巧 第一節(jié)測試題型MBA閱讀理解考試的目的是測試考生通過閱讀獲取信息的能力，要求既理解準確，又有一定的閱讀速度。閱讀理解試題的題型主要有以下幾類：1）主旨題；2）細節(jié)題；3）詞語釋義題；4）推斷題；5）是非判斷題；6）判斷作者觀點和態(tài)度題。1)主旨題主旨題主旨題的提問方式主要有：主旨題的提問方式主要有： What is the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?What does the passage mainly

28、 discuss?What is the main point the author makes in the passage?The passage is mainly about _.The best title for the passage is _.The passage could be entitled _.The passage tells us _.The main idea of the second paragraph is _.What would be the most appropriate title for the passage?Which of the fo

29、llowing would be the best title for the passage?What is the purpose of the passage?The purpose of the passage is _.Which of the following is the authors main purpose in the passage?The article is written to explain _.2)細節(jié)題細節(jié)題細節(jié)題一般沒有固定出題形式，通常是針對回答細節(jié)題一般沒有固定出題形式，通常是針對回答what,which,who,when,where和和how內(nèi)容進

30、行試題設(shè)計。常見類型有：內(nèi)容進行試題設(shè)計。常見類型有： because _.The reason for is that _.According to the writer, who (what, where, when) _?In what year _?Why is (are) _?What does the example of illustrate?The author wants to prove with the example of that _.The example implies that _.The example of in the paragraph X is use

31、d to _.3)詞語釋義題詞語釋義題這種題型主要針對文章中的某一個詞或詞組，甚至某一個句這種題型主要針對文章中的某一個詞或詞組，甚至某一個句子讓考生從所給的四個選項中找出與其意思最接近的選項。出題形子讓考生從所給的四個選項中找出與其意思最接近的選項。出題形式主要有：式主要有： What is the possible meaning of the word “_” in Line X, Paragraph X? In Line X, the word “_” probably means _. In Line X, the phrase “_” probably means _. Which

32、 is the probable definition of the word “_”. The first sentence in the third paragraph tells us that _. The sentence “_” in the first paragraph implies that _.4)推斷題推斷題 推斷題是閱讀理解中難度最大的題型，試題設(shè)計者通常就文章的某一句，某一段或整個篇章提出問題?？忌粌H要理解句子表面的意思，還要搞清句與句，段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而做出正確的推論。該題型的出題形式有：It can be inferred from the passa

33、ge that _.It can be concluded from the passage that _.The passage implies that _.We can see (infer, conclude, learn) from the passage that _.The author implies that _.The first passage implies that _.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?What does the passage suggest?Which does the second pa

34、ragraph imply that _.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss?Where would this paragraph most probably be found?5)是非判斷題是非判斷題 是非判斷題的出題形式主要有以下幾種：Which of the following is true according to the writer?Which of the following stat

35、ements is NOT true according to the passage?Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned according to the passage?Which of the following statements is NOT included in the passage?All of the following is true EXCEPT _. 6)判斷作者觀點和態(tài)度題判斷作者觀點和態(tài)度題 此類題的問題解答難度較大，要求考生根據(jù)文章領(lǐng)會作者的態(tài)度和觀點。題型主要有：The author of t

36、he passage seems to be _.The authors attitude towards X is _.The authors attitude towards X may best be summarized as one of the following words.Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with?What is the authors opinion about _?What is the tone of the passage?The tone of the author c

37、an best be described as _.The author of the passage seems to be in favor of the idea of _?第二節(jié)解題技巧一、主旨題包括文章主旨大意題和段落主旨題。解題時，1）運用略讀法找出文章的主題句或段落主題句；2）詳讀文章和段落的句首（主題句所在的位置）（注意：不是所有的主題句都在句首，中間和結(jié)尾也有可能）；3）留意最后一段和最后一句話（結(jié)論、結(jié)果、影響、概括之所在）4）“把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)”，如一篇議論文可分為演繹性和歸納性。演繹性文章主題句多在句首；歸納性文章主題句通常在段尾；5）如篇章沒有明確的主題句，則需要全面理解

38、，總結(jié)和歸納文章的中心思想（認真閱讀各段首句、尾句）；6）排除問題中的干擾項（干擾項涵蓋內(nèi)容過寬或過窄）；7）主旨題往往處于第一題或最后一題，建議先做其他問題。例24 2000年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第一篇文章 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do

39、 more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel tha

40、t giving the workers freedom to do their jobs in their own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice ma

41、y be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most of factories employers are now experimenting with having manysmall production lines rather than one large one, so that

42、each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think

43、this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more mo

44、ney, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them. 24. In this passage, the author tells us _.A. How to make the workers more productive.B. Impossible factors leading to greater efficiencyC. To what extent more money leads to greater productivity.D. How to make workers jobs more interestin

45、g例25 2000年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第二篇文章The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service.“But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the f

46、uture,” Steve Case, Chairman of America On-line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by the Freedom Forum （討論會）. However, some other experts often say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their

47、readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources. “You dont have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper any more,” Sam Meddis, on-line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users. But the experts n

48、oted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. “ Anyone can say anything they want, whether its right or wrong,” said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. “In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respecte

49、d brand names will probably become more important, not less,” Case said. The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago, he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people with fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.25

50、. The main topic of this passage is _.A. the development of journalismB. the rapid development of the InternetC. the effect the Internet has on journalismD. the advantages of the Internet例26 2001年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第三篇文章Internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the worlds businesse

51、s, institutions, and individuals. The Internet, which means interconnected network of networks, links tens of thousands of smaller computer networks. These networks transmit huge amounts of information in the form of words, images, and sounds.The Internet has information on virtually every topic. Ne

52、twork users can search through sources ranging from vast databases to small electronic “bulletin boards”, where users form discussion groups around common interests. Much of the Internets traffic consists of messages sent from one computer user to another. These messages are called electronic mail o

53、r e-mail. Internet users have electronic addresses that allow them to send and receive e-mail. Other users of the network include obtaining news, joining electronic debates, and playing electronic games. One feature of the Internet, known as the World Wide Web, provides graphics, audio, and video to

54、 enhance the information in its documents. These documents cover a vast number of topics. People usually access the Internet with a device called a modem. Modems connect computers to the network through telephone lines. Much of the Internet operates through worldwide telephone networks of fiber-opti

55、c cables. These cables contain hair-thin strands of glass that carry data as pulses of light. They can transmit thousands of times more data than local phone lines, most of which consist of copper wires.The history of the Internet began in the 1960s. At that time, the Advanced Research Projects Agen

56、cy (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense developed a network of computers called ARPAnet. Originally, ARPAnet connected only military and government computer systems. Its purpose was to make these systems secure in the event of a disaster or war. Soon after the creation of ARPAnet, unive

57、rsities and other institutions developed their own computer networks. These networks eventually were merged with ARPAnet to form the Internet. By the 1990s anyone with a computer, modem, and Internet software could link up to the Internet.In the future, the Internet will probably grow more sophistic

58、ated as computer technology becomes more powerful. Many experts believe the Internet may become part of a larger network called the information superhighway. This network, still under development, would link computers with telephone companies, cable television stations, and other communication syste

59、ms. People could bank, shop, watch TV, and perform many other activities through the network. 39. This passage is about the _ of the Internet.A. futureB. general introductionC. useD. history 例27 2002年全國MBA入學(xué)聯(lián)考英語試題閱讀部分第一篇文章 Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are los

60、ing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized（仔細審查）privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come