常用包裝材料-中英文介紹

1、包裝材料一、紙1、紙及其優(yōu)點(diǎn)紙是由植物纖維纏繞或者粘結(jié)起來(lái)的的軟性薄片材料。在商業(yè)上紙一直由亞麻布、甘蔗渣、棉纖維和麥秸制造。現(xiàn)代紙大多數(shù)有木材纖維制造。作為包裝材料,紙有如下一些優(yōu)點(diǎn):可以根據(jù)不同等級(jí)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),可制成不同的形狀,尤其是紙盒或者紙箱。紙可以回收再利用,而且能夠生物降解。易與其他材料層合制成復(fù)合包裝材料。能制成具有不同透明等級(jí)的紙張。2、紙的種類牛皮紙牛皮紙具有較高強(qiáng)度,用于25 -50公斤的面粉、糖、水果和蔬菜包裝?？梢云?印刷或未經(jīng)漂白使用(棕色。為滿足強(qiáng)度要求,通常使用多層牛皮紙。文化用紙文化用紙是由木屑和鋸木廠殘留物制成,這是森林產(chǎn)品行業(yè)的副產(chǎn)品。這些材料是通過(guò)制漿和壓

2、制成薄片,從而制成文化用紙。文化用紙用作書寫紙、復(fù)印紙和打印紙。文化用紙之所以適于上述目的是因?yàn)樗休^長(zhǎng)的纖維,且比其它紙種明亮。植物羊皮紙羊皮紙由硫酸鹽漿制得,經(jīng)過(guò)濃硫酸處理,通過(guò)膨脹和部分溶解纖維,使之塑造成型。在纖維網(wǎng)中,羊皮紙關(guān)閉氣孔并填補(bǔ)空隙,使表面比牛皮紙更完整,從而使紙張耐油,并具有更強(qiáng)的吸濕能力。用來(lái)包裝黃油、奶酪和新鮮的魚或肉。防油紙防油紙由亞硫酸鹽紙漿制成,亞硫酸鹽紙漿中的纖維被搗碎得更徹底以生成更緊密的結(jié)構(gòu)。它可耐油脂,盡管遇濕時(shí)耐油性喪失,但它廣泛用于魚、肉和乳制品的包裝。薄玻璃紙玻璃紙與防油紙類似,但由于更多得被壓制,從而密度增大,產(chǎn)生一個(gè)緊密的結(jié)構(gòu)和高光澤面。干燥時(shí)

3、更能防水,一旦遇水則不失去防水性能。涂布紙?jiān)S多紙張是由蠟涂、干蠟(蠟趁熱時(shí)滲透到其中或上蠟(其中蠟是在紙漿的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)加入處理的。蠟提供保濕屏障,并允許紙張被加熱密封。然而,簡(jiǎn)單的蠟涂層很容易因折疊或研磨食品而破損,但這可通過(guò)紙層之間涂蠟和/或聚乙烯蠟層克服。涂蠟紙用于面包包裝和谷類食品紙箱包裝的內(nèi)襯。二、紙板“紙”和“紙板”是不確定的術(shù)語(yǔ),這與材料測(cè)量(厚度有關(guān),或者與材料的定量(重量有關(guān)。國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO規(guī)定: 重量每平方米超過(guò)250克(每1000平方英尺51磅材料,應(yīng)稱之為紙板。美國(guó)則是稱超過(guò)300微米(0.012英寸的紙板為紙。纖維板纖維板(厚度超過(guò)0.11毫米是實(shí)心的或波紋狀的。實(shí)

4、心類型的纖維板外層是牛皮紙,內(nèi)層是漂白的紙板。它具有抗壓縮性能,并受較小程度的影響。小纖維板采用單層板,帶或不帶箔層和低密度聚乙烯內(nèi)層。瓦楞紙板瓦楞紙板具有波紋內(nèi)層,夾在掛面層之間。用于制造容器以運(yùn)輸產(chǎn)品至工廠、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、零售商店、辦公室和家庭。用瓦楞紙板運(yùn)輸這些產(chǎn)品非常不錯(cuò),因?yàn)樗亓枯p,結(jié)實(shí),并且容易為所有產(chǎn)品定制適宜的尺寸。楞型描述了波浪形的紙板材料的結(jié)構(gòu),而這種材料構(gòu)成了紙板的瓦楞。A型楞A型楞,是原始的楞型,楞高是最高的,因此,與內(nèi)外原紙粘合后,厚度最大。A型楞最適于易碎的、脆弱物品的緩沖及堆碼。B型楞B型楞,瓦楞紙業(yè)所采用的第二種楞型,每英寸有較低的尺寸高度和更多的瓦楞。這意味著,中等

5、接觸和支持更多點(diǎn)的襯墊,提供了硬度、高品質(zhì)印刷和模切的平整平面與良好的抗壓性能。C型楞C型楞介于A型楞與B型楞之間,并為食品提供緩沖、堆碼和印刷性能。C型楞是目前使用最廣泛的楞型。據(jù)估計(jì),今天80%的瓦楞紙箱是由C型楞紙板制作。E型楞E型楞紙板楞數(shù)最多,這使得其具有最大的抗壓性能和最平坦的表面以獲得高品質(zhì)的印刷性能。E型楞的薄紙板(C型楞厚度的四分之一減少紙盒的大小,節(jié)省存儲(chǔ)空間。由于它的超薄和優(yōu)良的緩沖性能, E型楞常?？梢匀〈鷤鹘y(tǒng)折疊紙箱或容器。現(xiàn)在,在瓦楞紙行業(yè),一種新的楞型,F型楞,是最新的增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。最初在歐洲發(fā)展的新瓦楞背后的想法,是制作含較少纖維的包裝。F型楞可以減少包裝中纖維的總量

6、,從而制得更堅(jiān)挺的紙盒,而有更少的固體廢棄物埋入填埋場(chǎng)。一般而言,較大的楞型提供更大的強(qiáng)度和緩沖,而較小的楞型有較好的印刷適性和折疊性。在同一塊紙板內(nèi),不同的楞型可以被混合并相結(jié)合,以改變印刷適性、壓縮強(qiáng)度、緩沖性能和紙板的總厚度。例如,C型楞和E型楞組合的瓦楞紙板,既有C型楞的壓縮性,又有E型楞紙板的光滑印刷表面。箱紙板箱紙板是多層硬質(zhì)紙材,用于制作各種顏色、形狀和大小的盒子,包括谷物、鞋、糖果箱。箱紙板通常有六至八層。上層往往是由整齊的紙漿或其他優(yōu)質(zhì)再生紙制成。內(nèi)層均采用低質(zhì)量的紙張制成。三、塑料塑料是由有機(jī)大分子組成的有機(jī)材料。塑料材料可通過(guò)一系列的工藝成型,如擠出、成型、擠壓或旋轉(zhuǎn)。現(xiàn)

7、代塑料(或聚合物擁有許多極為理想的特征:高強(qiáng)度重量比,優(yōu)良的性能,電絕緣,耐酸、堿和溶劑。聚乙烯(PE聚乙烯樹脂的機(jī)械性能變化范圍很寬,但耐化學(xué)性相對(duì)統(tǒng)一。化學(xué)方程式遵循一定的模式。分子可能分支或直接導(dǎo)向直鏈。高度分支的材料更加靈活。不同種類聚乙烯的物理性能,包括LDPE、LLDPE和HDPE,使之成為具有多功能的食品包裝材料。需要注意的是聚乙烯的化學(xué)性質(zhì),包括聚乙烯塑料生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的單體和聯(lián)合體、商業(yè)過(guò)程,聚乙烯生產(chǎn)中使用的添加劑,并在正常使用情況下從PE膜到食物的物質(zhì)的遷移。由于其多功能的特性,易于制造和轉(zhuǎn)化及相對(duì)低的成本,PE已經(jīng)達(dá)到了其主導(dǎo)地位。聚丙烯(PP單向拉伸聚丙烯(OPP是光澤性

8、良好的薄膜,具有優(yōu)良的光學(xué)特性,較高的抗拉強(qiáng)度和抗穿刺性。對(duì)水分、氣體和異味具有適中的透過(guò)性,且不受濕度變化的影響。它是熱塑性塑料因此可以延伸,盡管較少于PE,具有低摩擦性,這最大限度地減少了靜電積聚,并使其適合高速灌裝設(shè)備。雙向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP也有類似于OPP的性質(zhì),但強(qiáng)度更大。PP和OPP用于瓶、罐、薯片、餅干包裝和許多其他應(yīng)用的蒸煮袋包裝膜。聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDCPVDC具有優(yōu)異的氧氣和水分阻隔性能,近年來(lái)包裝對(duì)此材料的需求急劇增加,它擁有乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH所不及的許多優(yōu)點(diǎn),水分不會(huì)影響PVDC的透氧率。聚偏二氯乙烯的成本高往往意味著它現(xiàn)在只用作涂層和吸塑包裝。對(duì)PVDC使

9、用增長(zhǎng)的主要威脅來(lái)自環(huán)保游說(shuō),其中提出:在食品接觸應(yīng)用中,由于PVC和PVDC產(chǎn)品可能有致癌物遷移,這引起了人們關(guān)于PVDC的使用的關(guān)注。聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETPET是一種高強(qiáng)度的透明薄膜,具有良好的光澤性和水分阻隔性能。在70至135的溫度范圍內(nèi)均可,溫度或濕度的變化能引起微小收縮。Packaging Materials1Paper1.1 Paper and its advantagesPaper is defined as a matted or felted sheet usually composed of plant fiber. Paper has been commerci

10、ally from such sources as rags (linen, bagasses (sugar cane, cotton and straw. Modern paper is made almost exclusively from cellulose fiber derived from wood.Paper has a number of advantages as a packaging material:It is produced in many grades and converted to many differentforms, especially boxes

11、or cartons.It is recyclable and biodegradable.It is easily combined with other materials to make or laminatedpacks.It can be produced with different degrees of opacity.1.2 Types of papersCraft paperCraft paper is a strong paper which is used for 2550kg multi-wall sacks for powders, flour, sugar, fru

12、its, and vegetables. It can be bleached white, printed or used unbleached (brown. It is usually used in several layers or plies to give the required strength.Fine paperFine paper is made from woodchips and sawmills residues, which is a by-product of the forest product industry. These materials are p

13、ulped and pressed into sheets to make fine paper. Fine paper is used as writing paper, photocopier paper and printer paper. Fine paper is good to use for these purposes because it has longer fibers and is brighter than other paper grades.Vegetable parchmentVegetable parchment is produced from sulpha

14、te pulp which is passed through a bath of concentrated sulphuric acid to swell and partly dissolve the fibres, to make them plasticized. This closes the pores and fills voids in the fibre network to make the surface more intact than Kraft paper andthus makes the paper resistant to grease and oils an

15、d gives greater wet strength properties. It is used to pack butter, cheese and fresh fish or meat.Greaseproof paperGreaseproof paper is made from sulphite pulp in which the fibres are more thoroughly beaten to produce a closer structure. It is resistant to oils and fats, and although this property i

16、s lost when the paper becomes wet, it is widely used for wrapping fish, meat and dairy products.GlassineGlassine is similar to greaseproof paper, but is given additional calendaring to increase the density and produce a close-knit structure and a high gloss finish. It is more resistant to water when

17、 dry but loses the resistance once it becomes wet.Coated paperMany papers are treated with wax by coating, dry waxing (in which wax penetrates the paper while hot or wax sizing (in which the wax is added during the preparation of the pulp. Wax provides a moisture barrier and allows the paper to be h

18、eat sealed. However, a simple wax coating is easily damaged by folding or by abrasive foods, but this is overcomed by laminating the wax between layers of paper and/or polyethylene. Waxed papers are used for bread wrappers and inner liners for cereal cartons.2Paperboard“Paper” and “paperboard” are n

19、onspecific terms that can be related to either material caliper (thickness or grammage (weight. The International Standards Organization (ISO states that material weighing more than 250 grams per square meter (51 pounds per 1000 square feet shall be known as paperboard. U. S. practice calls paper th

20、at is more than 300 micrometers (0.012in. thick paperboard.FiberboardFiberboard (more than 0.11mm thick is either solid or corrugated. The solid type has an outer Kraft layer and an inner bleached bard. It is able to resist compression and to a lesser extent impact. Small fiberboardcylinders are mad

21、e using single ply board, either with or without a foil layer and LDPE inner layer.Corrugated cardboardCorrugated cardboard has a corrugated (wavy inside layer, sandwiched between layers of linerboard. It is used to make containers for shipping products to factories, warehouses, retail stores, offic

22、es and homes. It is good to use corrugated card-board for transporting these products because it is light, strong and easily custom-sized for all products.The “flute”describes the structure of the wave shaped cardboard material that makes up a boards corrugation.A-fluteA-flute, the original flute, i

23、s the highest flute size, and therefore, when combined with an inner and outer facing, is the thickest. A-flute makes the most of corrugators cushioning and stacking properties for fragile and delicate items.B-fluteB-flute, the second flute size adopted by the corrugated industry, has lower arch hei

24、ghts and more flutes per foot. This means that the medium contacts and supports the liners at a greater number of points, providing a stiff, flat surface for high quality printing and die cutting and with excellent crush resistant properties.C-fluteC-flute came along net to split the difference betw

25、een A and B , and offers food cushioning, stacking and printing properties. C-flute is by far the most widely used flute size. An estimated 80of todays corrugated containers are made of C-flute board.E-fluteE-flute has the greatest number of flutes, which gives it the greatest crush resistance and t

26、he flattest surface for high quality printing applications. The thin board profile of E-flute (It is one-fourth the thickness of C-flute reduces box size and saves storage space. Because of its thin profile and excellent cushioning properties, E-flute can often substitute for conventional folding ca

27、rtons or solid fiber containers.Today, F-flute, a new flute, is the newest growth segment in the corrugated industry. The idea behind the new flute, originally developed in Europe, is to make packages with lower fiber content. With F-flute, converters can reduce the total amount of fiber in the pack

28、aging, thereby creating a more rigid box with less solid waste going into landfills.Generally, larger flutes provide greater strength and cushioning, while smaller flutes have better printability and foldability. Flute profiles can be mixed and matched within the same piece of combined board, to man

29、ipulate printability, compression strengths, cushioning strengths and the total thickness of the board. For instance, CE double wall gets its durability from its C-flute layer, while the E-flute gives it a smoother printing surface.BoxboardBoxboard is a multi-layer rigid paper material that is used

30、to make boxes of various colors, shapes and sizes, including cereal, shoes and candy boxes. Boxboard usually has from six to eight layers. The upper layer is often made from a dinked pulp or other high quality recovered paper. Inner layers are made with a lower-quality paper stock.3PlasticsPlastics

31、are organic polymeric materials consisting of giant organic molecule. Plastic materials can be fond into shapes by one of a variety of process, such as extrusion, molding, ousting or spinning. Modem plastic (or polymers possesses a number of extremely desirable characteristics: high strength to weig

32、ht ratio, excellent properties, electrical insulation, resistance to acids, alkalis and solvents.Polyethylene(PEPE resins vary widely in mechanical properties but are relatively uniform in chemical resistance. Chemical formulation follows the pattern. Molecules may be branched or directionally orien

33、ted straight line. Highly branched materials are the more flexible.The physical properties of the different types of PE, including LDPE, LLDPE and HDPE, make it a versatile material for food packaging.Particular attention is paid to the chemistry of PE, including the monomers and co monomers used in

34、 PE plastics manufacture, commercial process used in PE manufacture, additives used in PE production, and the migration of substances from the PE film into the food under normal conditions of use. PE has achieved its dominant position due to its versatile properties, ease of manufacture and conversi

35、on and relatively low cost.Polypropylene (PPOriented polypropylene (OPP is a clear glossy film with good optical properties and a high tensile strength and puncture resistance. It has moderate permeability to moisture, gases and odors, which is not affected by changes in humidity. It is thermoplastic and therefore stretches, although less PE, and has low friction, which minimizes static buildup and makes it suitable