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1、.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三類:不定式(infinitive )、動(dòng)名詞( gerund)和分詞( participle)。其特點(diǎn)是:1不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ),這也是它們被稱為 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 的原因。2它們具有各種形態(tài):一般式、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。3不定式和動(dòng)名詞可以做 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 等。但不管起什么作用,它們 都具有動(dòng)詞的功能 ,但無(wú)語(yǔ)法上的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì) ,這一點(diǎn)可以通過(guò)它們 不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制 體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。4分詞起形容詞和副詞作用 ,可做表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ) ,但不能做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ) 。它 也不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制 。一不定式
2、(一)形式語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式時(shí)態(tài)一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing1. 完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作 , 通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài) )同時(shí) (或幾乎同時(shí) )發(fā)生 , 或是在它之后發(fā)生 . 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作 , 在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作 (狀態(tài) )之前發(fā)生 , 就要用不定式的完成式 .I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較 : I
3、am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.;.2. 進(jìn)行式如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作 (狀態(tài) )發(fā)生時(shí) , 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 , 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式 .You are not supposed to be working. You haven t quitercoveredyet.We didn t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be liste
4、ning attentively.3. 完成進(jìn)行式在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式 .The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4. 被動(dòng)式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter
5、 to be typed at once.【例】Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection_ to the nation.A) has leftB) is to leaveC) leavesD) is to be left結(jié)合選項(xiàng)來(lái)看,全句的意思: “78歲的丹尼斯爵士已經(jīng)向眾人宣布他的許多收藏品將留給國(guó)家 。收藏品是 被留給國(guó)家 ”,因此需要一個(gè)被動(dòng)式做賓語(yǔ),所以答案是 D) is to be left。(二)句法功能1. 不定式作主語(yǔ)【例】 It is not unusual for workers
6、 in that region _.A) to be paid more than a month laterB) to be paid laterthan more a monthC) to pay later than a month moreD) to pay latermore than a monthit 在句中作形式主語(yǔ)。而不定式 to be paid more than a month是句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)全句的意思是: “那個(gè)地方的工人一個(gè)多月后才得到工資是常有的事 ”,答案是 A)。;.2. 不定式做賓語(yǔ)大部分動(dòng)詞可加不定式做賓語(yǔ)。如: We are planning t
7、o build a reservoir here.【例】 There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made動(dòng)詞 mean 在本句中的意思是 “打算 ”,后面只能接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)。所以答案是 B) to make。動(dòng)詞 mean 后面接名詞和動(dòng)名詞時(shí),意思是 “表示 的意思、意味著 ”,所以選項(xiàng) A 和 D 錯(cuò)誤。3. 不定式做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。(1
8、)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)【例】 The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ rockets to themoon.A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending在本句中,句首表示時(shí)間概念的 ancient 表明不定式動(dòng)作在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,不定式要用完成式, 因而答案是 C)。在本句中,該不定式完成式 to have sent作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(2)不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)這樣的動(dòng)詞有: advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bea
9、r, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronou
10、nce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。這樣的短語(yǔ)有: call on(請(qǐng)求) , care for (關(guān)心) , count on(依靠,指望) , depend on(依賴、依靠) , keep on at(困擾,追問(wèn)) , long for(渴望) , make out(分辨) , vote for(選舉) , prevail on(說(shuō)服) , rely on(信賴) , wait for(等待)?!纠?They are go
11、ing to have the serviceman _ an electric fanin the office tomorrow.;.A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed全句的意思是: “他們準(zhǔn)備讓服務(wù)人員明天在辦公室里裝一臺(tái)電扇”。have sb. do sth.句型的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 因此,have 后接不帶 to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),所以答案是A) install 。4. 不定式作表語(yǔ)One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.5. 不定式做定語(yǔ)不定
12、式做定語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式修飾中心詞或者不定式短語(yǔ)末的介詞與中心詞組成介詞短語(yǔ),修飾中心詞(下面例 1)。這些動(dòng)詞不定式可能是及物的(帶賓語(yǔ)),也可能是不及物的。要特別注意如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞, 則不定式后要加介詞, 因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)不定式與其修飾的名詞實(shí)質(zhì)上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。很多名詞后可接不定式做定語(yǔ),如ability,ambition, anxiety,attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive (動(dòng)力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive
13、, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right (權(quán)利) , struggle, tendency, wish,anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 這類名詞通常表示抽象概念,后面用動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ),表示該名詞的具體內(nèi)容,解釋前面中心名詞(例 2)在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用分詞形式?!纠?1】Could you find someone_?A) for me to play tennis with B) for me t
14、o play tennis C) play tenniswith D) playing tennis請(qǐng)你找個(gè)人來(lái)和我打網(wǎng)球。答案是A。【例 2】 The pressure _causes Americans to be energetic, but italso puts them under a constant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed結(jié)合選項(xiàng)看,全句的意思是: “競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力使美國(guó)人精力充沛,但也使他們的精神始終處于緊張狀態(tài)。 ”名詞 pressure 后
15、應(yīng)加不定式做定語(yǔ),說(shuō)明 pressure的內(nèi)容。6. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果等。;.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。 (目的 )His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。 (結(jié)果 )We are glad to hear the news我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因 )(三)動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to 的情形1. 在“動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) +不定式 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中 , 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch,
16、 smell, feel, notice 等, 或是表示 “致使 ”意義的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶 to.John made her tell him everything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí) , 后面的不帶 to 的不定式一般還原為帶 to 的不定式 .She was made to tell him everything.2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后 ,
17、 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶 to.I d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.3. 在介詞 except, but 之后 , 如果其前有動(dòng)詞 do 的某種形式 , 不定式一般不帶 to, 反之帶 to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There s no choice but to wait till it stops r
18、aining.4. 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí) , 其后的不定式不帶to;出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí) , 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶 to, 有時(shí)不帶 to。Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to incr
19、ease wages.5. 用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式 , 如果主語(yǔ)是由 “all + 關(guān)系分句 ”, “ thing 關(guān)+系分句 ”,“ what分句 ”或“ thing 不+定式結(jié)構(gòu) ”等構(gòu)成,并帶有 do 的某種形式,這時(shí),作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省 to,也可以不省 .;.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up th
20、is mess.( 四) 不定式的其他用法1. too to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義 :She was too young to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式連用時(shí) ,不定式一般不表示否定意義 :He s only too pleased to help her.2. 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)如果要說(shuō)明不定式表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的 , 可以在不定式前加一個(gè) for 引起的短語(yǔ) :It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for u
21、s to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞 (如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí) , 不定式前可加一個(gè) of 引起的短語(yǔ) , 來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況 :It s kind of you to think so much of us.It s unwise of them to turndown the proposal.二動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名
22、詞,顧名思義,具有雙重作用:它既有動(dòng)詞的作用(后面可加自己的賓語(yǔ)),又有名詞的作用(可以做句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等)。(一)形式時(shí)態(tài)性語(yǔ)被動(dòng)態(tài)主動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式havinghaving been donedone1. 一般式Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.;.2. 完成式 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生 , 通常用動(dòng)名的完成形式 .He didn t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice
23、.在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中 ), 常用 (或可以用 )動(dòng)名詞的一般形式,盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don t remember ever seeing him anywhere.3. 被動(dòng)式 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí) , 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式 .His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意 , 在 want, need, deserve,
24、 require 等動(dòng)詞后 , 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思 , 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式 .The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在 worth 這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.4.完成被動(dòng)式如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.I donremembert having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形
25、式代替,以免句子顯得累贅 .5. 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞【例】 She apologized for _ the party.A. not her being able to attendB. her not being able to attendC. her being able not to attendD. her being not able to attendnot + doing 的動(dòng)名詞否定形式, her 為該動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。因此,正確答案選 B。(二)句法功能1. 作主語(yǔ) :Working in these conditions is not a p
26、leasure but a suffer.;.動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ), 有時(shí)先用 it 作形式主語(yǔ), 把動(dòng)名詞置于句末。 這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children.和孩子們一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 對(duì)這種事情不是開玩笑。2. 作賓語(yǔ)( 1)及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) You mu
27、stnt delay sending the tractors over.( 2)介詞的賓語(yǔ)凡是動(dòng)詞 +介詞、名詞 +介詞或形容詞 +介詞形成的詞組,都要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),因?yàn)樗薪樵~后的動(dòng)詞都要使用動(dòng)名詞形式?!纠?He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A) of having spendB) to have spentC) of beingspentD) to spent全句的意思是 “他給人的印象是他的一生都在國(guó)外度過(guò) ”。這是名詞介詞動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))的形式。答案是 A。3. 作表語(yǔ) :The real problem
28、is getting to know the needs of the people.(三)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(重要考點(diǎn))前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu) : 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞 (或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu) ), 來(lái)表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭 , 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以用名詞的普通格 (或人稱代詞賓格 ), 這比用所有
29、格更自然一些 .I don t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.【例 1】_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what herparents wished for.A) The girl was educatedB) The girl educatedC) The girls being educatedD) The girl to be educated;.全句意思是:讓孩子在簡(jiǎn)樸的生活環(huán)境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是 C?!纠?2】 Although punctual
30、himself, the professor was quite used _late for his lecture.A) to have studentsB) for students beingC) for students to beD) to students being句意:盡管教授很準(zhǔn)時(shí),但他對(duì)學(xué)生遲到已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。 答案是 D。當(dāng)這一結(jié)構(gòu)不處于句首時(shí), 邏輯主語(yǔ)用名詞的普通格式或代詞賓語(yǔ)更自然些。(四)只能接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞、詞組、習(xí)慣搭配、句型1. 后接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ), 而不能接不定式。 這是考試中常見的考點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)大家務(wù)必多練多用多讀多說(shuō), 盡量培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感 ,這
31、比單純死記硬背這些枯燥的詞匯要容易得多。這些動(dòng)詞是: acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse,fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, per
32、mit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等?!纠?1】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breakstraffic regulations.A) having been finedB) to have been finedC) to befinedD) being fined動(dòng)詞 escape后接動(dòng)名詞,不能接不定式,所以先排除了B 和 C。fine“罰款”是及物動(dòng)詞、要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);而且,句子講的是經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作,應(yīng)當(dāng)用
33、一般時(shí)態(tài),因此,答案是 D?!纠?2】People appreciate- with him because he has a good sense ofhumor.A) to workB) to have workedC) workingD)having worked全句的意思是:因?yàn)樗苡杏哪?,所以大家喜歡和他一起工作。根據(jù)句意,動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作并無(wú)時(shí)間上的先后, 必須用動(dòng)名詞一般時(shí)態(tài)。答案是 C。;.2. 后接動(dòng)名詞的詞組( 1)動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)常用在某些含有介詞的詞組后面 , 常見的有 : insist on, persist in, think of, dream of,
34、suspect of, accuse of,chargewith, hearof,approveof,preventfrom, keepfrom,stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, depend on, thankfor, feel liexcusefor, aim at, set about等.( 2)特別注意:某些充當(dāng)介詞的 to 的動(dòng)詞詞組、名詞詞組、形容詞詞組等后接動(dòng)名詞approach to(方法),admit to(承認(rèn)), contribute to(起作用), confess to(承認(rèn)),resort to(求助于),reconcil
35、e to(順從于),revertto(重新開始), submit to(忍受), swear to(斷言), take to (開始從事), be used to(習(xí)慣于), look forward to(盼望), oppose to (反對(duì)), see to(負(fù)責(zé),注意 ),devote to(把獻(xiàn)給,投入于 ) 等中的 to 都是介詞而不是不定式符號(hào)?!纠?1】The match was cancelled because most of the members _ amatch without a standard court.A) objected to havingB) were
36、objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to havingobject 在這里是不及物動(dòng)詞, 后面的 to 是介詞,在接名詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。因此,答案是 A?!纠?2】 The traditional approach _with complex problem is tobreak them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A) to dealingB) in dealingC) dealingD) to deal解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的傳統(tǒng)方法是把他們分解為更小的、更容易處
37、理的問(wèn)題。答案是 A。3. 習(xí)慣搭配be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time(in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth ,cant help, can t stand, give up, feel like, put off 都是慣用搭配, 其后動(dòng)名詞不能換成 to不定式。【例】 Jean did not have
38、 time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination.;.A) to prepareB) to be preparedC) preparingD)being prepared結(jié)合選項(xiàng)來(lái)看,全句的意思是: “瓊做完沒有時(shí)間去聽音樂(lè)會(huì),因?yàn)樗τ跍?zhǔn)備考試。 ”,所以答案是 D) being prepared。4. 句型1)滿足句型 “it is +名詞或形容詞 +動(dòng)名詞 ”和句型 “動(dòng)詞 + it + 形容詞或名詞 +動(dòng)名詞 ”的形容詞和名詞有: good, no good, nuisanc
39、e, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。例: Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?(你認(rèn)為向該項(xiàng)目大量投資值得嗎?)2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名詞 +doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is a great fun playing football 打
40、籃球很有趣。3) It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞 )+ doing sthIt is nice seeing you again真高興又遇到了你。It is good playing chess after supper晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。(五)既可用動(dòng)名詞 , 也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞1. 有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大 , 有時(shí)卻有不同的意思。try to do 努力、企圖做某事try doing 試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法mean to do
41、打算,有意要mean doing 意味著go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing 建議(做某事)【例】 If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would nothave got in.A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed;.本句的意思是: 我要是記得把窗子關(guān)起來(lái)的話,小偷就進(jìn)不來(lái)了。remember 后接動(dòng)名詞表示記得過(guò)去曾做過(guò)某事,接不
42、定式則表示記得要做某事。本句說(shuō)的是: 記得把窗子關(guān)起來(lái) 。因此 A)to close是答案。有些考生誤選了C) to have closed。注意 remember后面不能用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式。2dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer這些詞加動(dòng)名詞時(shí),表示喜歡或討厭一般性、習(xí)慣性或發(fā)生過(guò)的某事、某物;加不定式時(shí),表示喜歡或討厭的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。 prefer 的用法稍微復(fù)雜一點(diǎn),它后面加不定式還是加動(dòng)名詞通常是由它的固定結(jié)構(gòu)或習(xí)慣用法決定的。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)是: would prefer + to do(更想做某事) ; prefer do
43、ing A to doing B(比起做 B 來(lái)說(shuō),更喜歡做 A。特別注意:這里的比較使用的不是 than,而是to)?!纠?Mr. Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.A) to be givenB) to be givingC) to have givenD) having given全句意思應(yīng)是: “約翰遜先生寧可有(被給予)更重的活干 ”??梢?,答案是 A) to be given。(六) deserve, need, require, want這幾個(gè)詞的共同特點(diǎn)是: 它們后面既可加不定式, 也可加動(dòng)名詞,意義相同。但是,表示被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)名詞依
44、然使用主動(dòng)形式,不定式則變成被動(dòng)形式。其中,這幾個(gè)詞后面加動(dòng)名詞的形式是??柬?xiàng)目之一?!纠?Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A) cutB) to cutC) cuttingD) being cut本題的 want 等于 need,是一種口語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用法,后面接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。因此,本題答案是 C) cutting。三. 分詞分 詞 包 括 現(xiàn)在 分詞 和 過(guò)去 分 詞( present participle & past participle)兩種形式。(一)分詞形式1. 現(xiàn)在分詞形式現(xiàn)在分詞可分為一般式和完成式兩
45、種; 在語(yǔ)態(tài)上可分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。;.時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1)一般式在時(shí)間上表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行; 或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)The boy singing in the hall is one of the top singers from theuniversity.Hearing the news, he jumped.2)完成式分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中 , 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生 .Having been there many times, he offered t
46、o be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having been criticized by the teacher, he decided to study hard.3)被動(dòng)式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式 (進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)) 可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ) , 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) , 狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 .This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You ll find the topic being discussed everyw
47、here.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointedout to the customers.4)完成被動(dòng)式現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 . Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slipaway?The decision having been made, the next
48、 problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2. 過(guò)去分詞形式;.過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式,即: done 形式。它表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)、或完成、或完成與被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。The fallen leaves means the autumn(完scoming成).The building built last year is our library. (完成、被動(dòng))3. 分詞的否定形式 not+ 分詞N
49、ot having received his letter, he decided to call him.Not knowing his address, she cannot get in touch with him.(二)句法功能1分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面特點(diǎn): 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義, 過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意; 現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行, 過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成 )的事。1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)He rushed into the burning house他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother站在那兒的
50、男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房間是我們的教室。【例】 As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supportedschools must be established in every town _ 50 households ormore.A) havingB) to haveC) to have hadD) having had答案是 A。2)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)distinguished guest 貴賓 , unknown heroes 無(wú)名英雄 , ca
51、nned food 罐頭食品 , boiled water 開水 , steamed bread饅頭 , stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)。來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ) ,在此情形下僅表示完成意義 ,不表示被動(dòng)意義。 如:the risen sun, fallen leaves,retired workers, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分 , 在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。Most of the people invited to
52、the reception(=who were invited to the reception) were old friends.;.【例】 If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A)to correctB) correctingC) having correctedD) being corrected結(jié)合選項(xiàng)來(lái)看,全句的意思是: “如果我去更正別人的看法,我會(huì)盡可能用幽默和自我克制的態(tài)度去做, 就象是我被別人更正一樣 ”。這里
53、,要求填入一個(gè)表示 “正在被人更正 ”的意思的選項(xiàng),答案是 D)。(注意:分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)的情況, 在閱讀理解的文章中隨處可見,考生要在掌握該語(yǔ)法理論的同時(shí),活學(xué)活用、運(yùn)用自如,快速理解閱讀中的復(fù)雜句子。)2. 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1)現(xiàn)在分詞可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have 等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) .The words immediately set us all laughing.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在 see, hear, feel, watch,
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