科學(xué)家繪制出3D人腦高清模型一托福閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)背景

1、智課網(wǎng)TOEFL備考資料科學(xué)家繪制出3D人腦高清模型一托福閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)背景 The digital three-dimensional model called "BigBrain" was produced from the thousands of sections made from the brain of a 65-year-old woman. Its resolution is finer than a human hair, so it can reveal clusters of brain. A 65-year-old womans brain was cu

2、t into 7,400 slices to create the most detailed three-dimensional atlas of the human brain ever made, bringing researchers one step closer to reverse-engineering the brains convoluted circuitry. Brain atlases are essential reference tools for researchers and physicians, to determine which areas are

3、“l(fā)ighting up” during a task or thought process, or during image-guided surgery. The better the atlas resolution, the better doctors can target ever-smaller parts of the brain and their individual function. The atlas creators, who are from Canada and Germany, have made the ultrahigh-resolution model

4、50 times more detailed than a typical scan publicly available in a free online format. The authors also published their work in the journal Science on Thursday. The atlas, called BigBrain, offers a common basis for open, worldwide scientific discussion on the brain, said author Karl Zilles of the He

5、inrich Heine University Düsseldorf. Zilles pointed to a novel treatment for Parkinsons disease called deep brain stimulation, where electrical impulses are sent through electrodes implanted into specific points in the brain. He said BigBrain may open the doors for more accurate localization of

6、electrode placement and thus render treatment more effective. After staining and digitizing the thousands of plastic-wrap-like slices, the nearly cellular resolution map revealed the network of layers, fibers and microcircuits of the womans brain. While variation exists among brains, across ages and

7、 individuals, they have largely the same distribution of brain structures and anatomy, said author Alan Evans of McGill Universitys Montreal Neurological Institute. There are “subtle shape changes among individuals,” but all atlases start from one representative brain and go from there. The team was

8、 chiefly limited by computing power and capacity. To map the human brain with 1 micron spatial resolution, which has been done for mouse brains, the atlas would take up 21,000 terabytes of data essentially rendering it impossible to navigate. By comparison, BigBrain, with its 20 micron resolution, c

9、omprises about a terabyte of data. Prior MRI-based atlases had resolution of 1 millimeter. Richard Leigh, a Johns Hopkins neurologist, said hes looking forward to test-driving BigBrain for his research on stroke recovery. With the microscopic detail available, Leigh can see which particular groups o

10、f neurons are growing through stroke treatment rather than just a general fuzzy area. Evans was in Seattle on Wednesday working with the Allen Institute for Brain Science. Created by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, who has committed $500 million since its start in 2003, the Allen Institute has asse

11、mbled a less-detailed human brain atlas of its own. BigBrain is part of the European Unions Human Brain Project that brings together specialists in neuroscience, medicine and computing to decipher the mysteries of the brain. President Obama announced in April an initiative to map the human brain, de

12、scribing it as a way to discover cures for neurological disease and strengthen the economy. 據(jù)華盛頓郵報(bào)6月21日?qǐng)?bào)道，科學(xué)家成功繪制出有史以來(lái)分辨率最高的3D人腦圖譜。這意味著，研究人員在大腦回路逆向工程方面的研究更進(jìn)了一步。 大腦圖譜是科研人員和醫(yī)生必備的參考工具，通過(guò)圖譜，他們可判定在工作、思維過(guò)程中，或是在圖像導(dǎo)航的外科手術(shù)過(guò)程中，大腦哪個(gè)區(qū)域在變化。圖像分辨率越高，醫(yī)生就能更好地聚焦大腦微小的部位，研究它們各自的功能。 加拿大和德國(guó)的研究人員制作了這份大腦圖 譜，并于6月19日在科學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表

13、。他們將一名已故的65歲女性的大腦切成7400片，將切片染色并進(jìn)行數(shù)字化處理，最終生成高清模型，清晰地呈現(xiàn) 出這名女性大腦的皮層、纖維和微電路結(jié)構(gòu)。大腦圖譜分辨率比普通掃描的精度高出50倍，并在網(wǎng)上對(duì)公眾免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。德國(guó)杜塞爾多夫海因里希·海涅大學(xué)的卡 爾·齊勒斯稱(chēng)，該圖譜名叫“大腦”(BigBrain)，它為在世界范圍內(nèi)公開(kāi)對(duì)大腦進(jìn)行科學(xué)討論提供了基礎(chǔ)。 齊勒斯指出，帕金森綜合癥有一種新治療方法叫“深部腦刺激”，該方法通過(guò)植入大腦特定部位的電極輸出電脈沖。他說(shuō)，“BigBrain”能使電極植入的部位更精確，使治療更有效。 麥吉爾大學(xué)蒙特利爾神經(jīng)學(xué)研究所的艾倫·埃文

14、斯稱(chēng)，由于年齡和個(gè)體不同，大腦也會(huì)有所不同，但人腦的結(jié)構(gòu)有很大的共性。大腦“因個(gè)體不同會(huì)有微妙的形態(tài)變化”，但萬(wàn)變不離其宗。 這個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)受到計(jì)算機(jī)能力和容量的局 限。研究人員曾繪制分辨率為1微米的老鼠大腦圖譜，但如果要繪制同樣精確的人腦圖譜，將占用2.1億億字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)空間，基本不可能用來(lái)作圖像導(dǎo)航。相比之 下，“BigBrain”的分辨率是20微米，約占1萬(wàn)億字節(jié)的空間。而此前磁共振成像(MRI)繪制的大腦圖像精度是1毫米。 約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)神經(jīng)學(xué)家理查德·利表示，他期待將“BigBrain”用于他的中風(fēng)康復(fù)研究。有了更清晰的大腦微觀圖像，利就可以觀察到，在中風(fēng)治療期間，哪些特定的神經(jīng)元簇有所生長(zhǎng)，這比看起來(lái)模糊一片要好得多。 埃文斯6月19日在美國(guó)西雅圖和艾倫腦科學(xué)研究所一起工作。2003年，微軟公司的創(chuàng)始人之一保羅·艾倫出資5億美元，聯(lián)合建立了艾倫腦科學(xué)研究所。目前，該研究所已繪制了自己的人腦圖譜，但是分辨率稍低。 BigBrai