英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作 段落寫(xiě)作

1、編輯課件1Paragraph WritingParagraph WritingParagraph Writing編輯課件2What is the structure of a paragraph?編輯課件3The Topic SentenceSupporting sentencesThe concluding sentence編輯課件4 This is the structure of a paragraph! Generally speaking, these three different types of sentences play different roles in a parag

2、raph: Topic sentence; Supporting sentences; Concluding sentence. a sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly about.sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(總結(jié)）總結(jié)） the ideas.(主題句主題句 )(擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句/闡述句闡述句 )(結(jié)論句結(jié)論句/結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾

3、句 )編輯課件5如如 ： My mother has passed along to me a rule for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they might think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they might think themselves victimized(受到傷害）受到傷害）. Dont argue with spouses; they might think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue

4、 with strangers; they might think you are not friendly. My mothers rule, in fact, is quite universal. 請(qǐng)找出主題句、推展句和結(jié)論句。請(qǐng)找出主題句、推展句和結(jié)論句。The Topic Sentence The characteristics of a topic sentence The positions of a topic sentence編輯課件7The Characteristics 1) The topic sentence must be a complete sentence.

5、2) The topic sentence should always contain both a topic 主題主題 and a controlling idea 限制義限制義. The Topic Sentence = Topic + Controlling Idea3) The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific, and it should focus on only one topic. 編輯課件8The topic 與文章主題詞相呼應(yīng)。與文章主題詞相呼應(yīng)。The controlling id

6、ea 將主題限制在特定范圍之內(nèi)。將主題限制在特定范圍之內(nèi)。Note: a controlling idea commits the paragraph to a specific aspect of the topic. e.g.1) Convenience foods are easy to prepare. 2) Alcoholic beverages should be banned from college campuses for two reasons. 3) There are also a few superstitions about marriage in China .

7、編輯課件9Read the following topic sentences and then identify the topic and the controlling idea in each sentence People can avoid burglaries by taking certain precautions. There are several advantages to growing up in a small town. Most US universities require a 550 point TOEFL score for a number of re

8、asons. Air pollution in Mexico City is the worst in the world for a number of reasons. Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps. Riding a bicycle gives pleasure. 編輯課件10 There are several enjoyable ways to travel between the US and Queretaro. Animals in danger of becoming ext

9、inct come from a wide range of countries. Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. Industrial waste poured into Lake Michigan has led to dramatic changes in its ability to support marine life. In order to fully explore the wreck of the Titanic, scientists must addres

10、s several problems. 編輯課件11Discussion: which of the following topic sentence is general, specific or suitable?Group 11) American food is terrible. 2) American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butte

11、r. 3) American food is tasteless and greasy. (too general)(too specific)(suitable)編輯課件12Group 21) Many voters supported the candidate.2) Many voters passively supported the candidate.Group 3To play any kind of musical instrument, one needs to know something about the instrument.2) TO play any kind o

12、f drum requires a good sense of rhythm.(too general)(too general)(suitable)(suitable)編輯課件13Here are some examples of sentences that cannot be used as topic sentences. Can you figure out why they are inappropriate? 1) My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River, which is very wide, a

13、nd because it is built near an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill.Analysis: The problem with this sentence is that it contains too many details. Topic sentences are general, and details should appear later in the paragraph. Revised: My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical featur

14、es. 編輯課件142) There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission and two reasons why others like cars with manual transmission.Analysis: This sentence is not appropriate as a topic sentence because it mentions two topics, not just one. Paragraphs are usually about one

15、main thing and so their topic sentences should also be about only one main thing.Revised:a) There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission. OR (in a different paragraph):b) There are two reasons why some people like cars with manual transmission. 編輯課件153) Clouds a

16、re white.Analysis The problem with this sentence is that it is too general. It is also very boring! Would you like to read a paragraph with this topic sentence? Most people would not. Revised The shapes of clouds are determined by various factors. 編輯課件16Different Positions Of a Topic SentencetypeThe

17、 positions of the topic sentence At the beginning of a paragraphAt the end of a paragraphIn the middle of a paragraphNo clear topic sentence編輯課件17 Work with your partners and find out the topic sentence of each paragraph !編輯課件181 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that ci

18、garette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness) - cancer, cigarette smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an

19、unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?編輯課件192 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakne

20、ss. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.編輯課件20 3 Every bride wants her wedding to be the most wonderful day of her life. But perfect weddings require careful planning , whether the bride and bridegroom are planning a traditional wedding or just a registry office ceremon

21、y. Paying for the wedding, which is always a problem, will partly decide the choice. 編輯課件21 Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston Co

22、llege provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard L

23、aw School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail編輯課件22Read the following paragraphs carefully and write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the space provided. . Famous inventor T

24、homas Edison, for instance, did so poorly in his first years of school that his teacher warned his parents that he would never be a success at anything. Similarly, Henry Ford, the father of the auto industry, had trouble in school with both reading and writing. But perhaps the best example is Albert

25、 Einstein, whose parents and teachers suspected that he was retarded because he responded to questions so slowly and in a stuttering voice. Einsteins high school record was poor in everything but math, and he failed his college entrance exams the first time. Even out of school the man had trouble ho

26、lding a job- until he announced the theory of relativity. Many scientists had very bad proficiency records in their school days編輯課件23 As an industry, TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who

27、put on programs. As an art, television brings the theater and other cultural events into the home. Its influence on the life of average Americans is incalculable: it can influence their thoughts, their likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. It can also add to their store of knowledg

28、e. Through advertising, television helps businesses and manufacturers sell their products to millions of people. Television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciati

29、on. Many large schools and universities have “closed-circuit” television equipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be put on video tape to be kept for later use. Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get

30、 close-up views of operations.TV plays an important role in the life of Americans.編輯課件24 Americans relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a Japanese word. Americans who live in a warm climate may take an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without even realizing that these are

31、Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise longue while sipping a drink with vodka, words of French and Russian origin, respectively. Many loan words have entered Americans daily life.編

32、輯課件25 We are awakened by electric alarm clocks and music pouring from our radio; we operate our toaster, brush our teeth with an electric toothbrush, and shave with an electric razor. We read the days headlines from newspapers printed on huge electric presses, and we write a letter on our electric t

33、ypewriter before leaving for work to operate a computer and word processor. Electricity has filled almost every part of our life. 編輯課件26Supporting sentences推展句-the extension and specification of the topic sentence.對(duì)主題句的延伸和細(xì)化 基本要求 A: 在意義上完全支持主題句 ，應(yīng)細(xì)化和典型化； B: 在形式上，注意連貫 coherence 和organization結(jié)構(gòu) C: 足夠的支持性材