2003考研英語真題英語一閱讀部分(共8頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of e

2、spionagespying as a“profession”. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The lastest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electro

3、nic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it“open source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to

4、see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Stratfor, Inc., a private intelligen

5、ce-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Stratfor makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.S.Stratfor president George Friedman says he s

6、ees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we'll sudd

7、enly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we'll hear back from some of them.”O(jiān)pen-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Stratfor earns its keep.F

8、riedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Stratfor's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic de

9、clarations on the chance they might be wrong. Stratfor, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41.The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profession42.Donovan's s

10、tory is mentioned in the text to _.A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the U.S.C give an episode of the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _.A causing the biggest troubleB e

11、xerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _.A Stratfor's prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB Stratfor guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC Stratfor's business is characterized by unpr

12、edictabilityD Stratfor is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Stratfor is most proud of its _.A official statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staffD military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that

13、 good people do nothing.”O(jiān)ne such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in

14、 health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would delib

15、erately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wante

16、d to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scienti

17、sts must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable wayin human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccina

18、tions, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their

19、own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate st

20、akeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a re

21、al possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to _.A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical researchD

22、show the triumph of the animal rights movement47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is _.A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's _.A discontent wi

23、th animal researchB ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal rights49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should _.A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for t

24、heir causeD strive to develop new cures50.From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is _.A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal rightsD a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, c

25、ausing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail

26、 carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling lon

27、g distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent

28、more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme

29、 cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would d

30、o so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbi

31、ters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does

32、not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail&#

33、39;s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those wh

34、o support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because _.A cost reduction is based on competitionB services call for cross-trade coordinationC outside competitors will continue to existD shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolida

35、tion in the rail industry?A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.D Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief

36、D a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word“arbiters”(Line 6, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those _.A who work as coordinatorsB who function as judgesC who supervise transactionsD who determine the price55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry

37、 is mainly caused by _.A the continuing acquisitionB the growing trafficC the cheering Wall StreetD the shrinking marketText 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past c

38、entury. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure deathand

39、our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third

40、-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive

41、treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources sh

42、ould simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain agesay 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not

43、go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society