跨文化 第二章 communication and culture

1、精選pptCommunication and Culture精選pptCONTENTSDefinitions of CultureCharacteristics of Culture12精選pptDefinitions of Culture1精選ppt Culture is ubiquitous,multidimensional,complex and all-pervasive. Definitions of culture are numerous. Kroeber & kluckhohn(1952) listed 164 definitions of the culture th

2、at they found in the anthropology literature. Culture is everything. Culture is opera,art and ballet.narrow精選ppt Hoebel and Frost : culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritence

3、. Two reasons: 1. Culture is learned. 2. Each individual is confined at birth to a specific geographic location and thus exposed to certain messages while denied others精選ppt Bates and Plog : Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a societ

4、y use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.This definition includes not only patterns of behavior but also patterns of thoughts.精選pptFinal definition : We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs

5、, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.精選pptCharacteristics of Culture2精選pptCharacteristics of C

6、ulture The discovery of culture, the awareness that it shapes and molds our behavior, our values and even our ideas, the recognition that it contains some element of the arbitrary, can be a startling or an illuminating experience. Shapiro精選ppt Regardless of how many definitions we could have examine

7、d, there would have been a great deal of agreement concerning the eight major characteristics of culture. a) Culture is learned. b) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. c) Culture is based on symbols. d) Culture is subject to change e) Culture is integrated. f) Culture is ethnocentr

8、ic. g) Culture is adaptive. 精選ppt Two reasons : 1. As we move through these characteristics, the strong connection between culture and communication will become apparent. 2. Perhaps this might be the first time we have been exposed to culture.精選pptTypes of Culture Dominant Culture Umbrella Culture M

9、ainstream Culture European Americansthe one in power.Question: why do white males meet the requirements of dominance in the United States?They are in positions of power in every single major institution in this country. Their power enables them to determine and manipulate the content and flow of the

10、 messages produced by those institutions. Their power allow them to influence what people think ,what they aspire to be, and what they talk about.精選pptCharacteristics of Culture1. Culture is learned.1. Culture is learned.2精選pptCulture is learned. “the groups knowledge stored up (in memories, books a

11、nd objects) for future use” is at the core of the concept of culture. All of us are born with basic needsneeds that create and shape behaviorbut how we go about meeting those needs and developing behaviors to cope with them is learned. 精選pptEnculturation Enculturation is the total activity of learni

12、ng ones culture.Enculturation is conscious or unconscious conditioning occurring within that process where by the individual ,as child and adult ,achieves competence in a particular culture. -Hobel&FrostinteractionobservationimitationProcess:精選ppt From infancy, members of a culture learn their p

13、atterns of behavior and ways of thinking until most of them become internalized and habitual. We learn our culture in many ways and from a variety of sources. e.g.e.g. 1. The little boy in the United States whose grandfather tells him to shake hands when he is introduced to a friend of the family is

14、 learning culture. 2. The Arab boy who is reading the Koran when he or she is one day old is learning culture. 精選ppt3. The Indian child who lives in a home where the women eat after the men is learning culture. 4. The Jewish child who helps conduct the Passover ceremony is learning culture. 5. The F

15、rench child who is given hard cider at dinner is learning culture. 精選pptConscious Learning at the second (cognitive) levelUnconscious Learning at the first levelCulture LearningConclusion: a) Learning cultural conceptions, rules, and behaviors usually goes on without our being aware of it. b) The es

16、sential messages of a culture get reinforced and repeated. c) We learn our culture from a large variety of sources. 精選pptCharacteristics of Culture1.1 We learn our culture through proverbs.1.1 We learn our culture through proverbs.2精選pptWe learn our culture through We learn our culture through prove

17、verbs. They say things that people think important in ways that people remember. They express common concerns. SeidenstickerProverbs are learned easily and repeated with great regularity, they soon become part of an individuals belief system. All people share common experience, many of the sa

18、me proverbs appear throughout the world.Proverbs are a compact treatise on the values of culture.Reason :精選ppte.g.e.g. 1. a few proverbs from the United States a) Strike while the iron is hot. - In the United States, people who take quick action is valued. b) Actions speaker louder than words. - Ame

19、ricans are a “doing” culture, hence activity and “getting things done” are important to the dominant culture. c) God helps those who help themselves. - This saying calls attention to the strong belief in America that people should show initiative. 精選ppt2. some proverbs from places other than the Uni

20、ted States a) A proverb is like a swift horse. - The Yorubas of Africa believe that people are not qualified to take part in communal discussions unless they are also to quote the proverbs relevant to each situation. The “swift horse” proverb simply underscores the importance of proverbs to this cul

21、ture. b) One does no make the wind but is blown by it. - This saying, found in many Asian cultures, suggests that people are guided by fate rather than by their own devices. 精選pptc) Even if the bridge be made of stone, make sure it is safe. - This Korean saying expresses the wisdom of going slowly a

22、nd being cautious and reflective. d) Nothing done with intelligence is done without speech. - This Greek saying emphasizes the importance of talk as a means of communication. e) Wisdom is better than jewels. - This Jewish saying expresses the importance of learning and education. 精選ppt f) A zebra do

23、es not despise its stripes. - From the Massai of Africa, this saying expresses the value of accepting things as they are, of accepting oneself as one is, and of not envying others. g) A mans tongue is his sword. - With this saying, Arabs are taught to value words and use them in a powerful and force

24、ful manner. h) He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own. - The Swedish, a very private people, teach the value of privacy with the proverb. 精選ppt i) However crowded the way be, the hen will reach her eggs.- The African proverb stresses the love of a mother for her children. j) When spider

25、webs unite they can tie up a lion.- This Ethiopian proverb teaches the importance of collectivism and group solidarity. k) We are all like well buckets, one goes up and the other comes down.- This proverb expresses Mexicans belief that life is a series of opposites- life and death, illness and healt

26、h, pain and pleasure. There are thousands of proverbs from hundreds of cultures, andeach offers specific definitions and instructions about life. 精選pptCharacteristics of Culture1.2 We learn our culture from 1.2 We learn our culture from folk tales,legends,and myths. folk tales,legends,and myths.2精選p

27、ptWe learn our culture from folktales, legends, and myths.We learn our culture from folktales, legends, and myths. The stories each culture tells their people, whether in the form of folk tales, legends, or myths, are all intended to transmit the culture from person to person and from generation to

28、generation. 精選ppt Folklores Folklores constantly reinforce our fundamental values.2. Columbus being glorified because he was daring. 3. Cinderellas story being well known worldwide with varied version given different emphasis by different cultures e.g. 1. Pinocchios nose growing larger because of hi

29、s lies.精選ppt Tales Every culture has thousands of tales, each stressing a fundamental value. e.g.e.g. 1. Americans revere the tough, independent, fast-shoot cowboy of the Old West. 2. The English Admiration of good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity is reflected in the Canterbury Tales. 3. The J

30、apanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation and loyalty in the ancient story of The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin 精選ppt Myths Myths are useful tools for teaching culture because they cover a wide range of cultural concerns. Perhaps their most significant contribution is that they deal wit

31、h the ideas that matter most to a culture- ideas about life, death, relationships, nature and the like. 精選pptCharacteristics of Culture1.3 We learn our culture through art.1.3 We learn our culture through art.2精選ppt We learn our culture through art. We learn our culture through art. A trip to any museum in the world quickly reveals