初中英語閱讀講義

1、初中英語閱讀講義第一部分:閱讀理解第一節(jié)：題型概說閱讀理解是考查學(xué)生通過閱讀短文獲取信息、解決問題的能力，是上海市中考試題的“重中之重”。初中學(xué)業(yè)考試要求考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告和廣告等，主要考查學(xué)生在閱讀過程中獲取和處理信息的能力及對閱讀策略的掌握情況。即：主要考查以下幾種閱讀的微技能：（1）理解主旨和要義； （主旨大意題） （2）理解所讀材料的具體信息； （細(xì)節(jié)理解題） （3）根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞或詞組的含義；（猜測詞義題） （4）做出簡單的判斷和推理； （推理判斷題） （5）理解文段中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系； （推理判斷題） （6）理解作者的意圖

2、和態(tài)度。 （推理判斷題第二節(jié)：策略指導(dǎo)一、主旨大意題。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對文章的整體把握及理解程度，一般要求學(xué)生通讀全文后再作答。1.提問方式：(1) The passage is mainly about _.(2) The writer wants to tell us_. (3) The main idea of the passage is_.(4) Which is the best title of the passage?(5) What do we learn from the text? 2.解題技巧：（1）先看問題，看是否有和主旨相關(guān)的題目，了解題目類別和提問方式。（2

3、）再看文章首尾和各段開頭，找出主題句或通過瀏覽全文，抓住關(guān)鍵字眼，把握主旨。尋找文章主旨大意的方法有如下幾種： 找主題句：A.首尾段，首尾句。B.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句或設(shè)問句時，對該問題的解答就是主旨大意。C.段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折句時，該句很可能是主題句。 找反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的單詞 找重復(fù)出現(xiàn)同一意思的詞，即作者有意識的反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)通常是主旨。 這類題目需要對文章有整體性的把握，建議最后做。3. 例題分析1主題句定位法：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每一小段的主題句，然后通過尋找共同點(diǎn)，找出整個文章的主題句。主題句呈現(xiàn)的方式：例題(1) 開門見山式：主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。In modern society there is

4、 a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social(社交的)progress and prosperity(幸運(yùn); 順利). Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship(關(guān)系, 聯(lián)系)between people.題目：What does

5、this passage mainly talk about？A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.例題(2) 藏頭露尾式：主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾On the Internet, we can read news at home

6、 and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches

7、on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.題目：Whats the main idea of the passage？ A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing

8、 an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.例題(3) 首尾呼應(yīng)式：在有些文章中，為了突出主題，作者在文章開頭提出主題，接著進(jìn)行闡述或論證，在結(jié)尾時再次點(diǎn)出主題。值得注意的是，前后兩個主題句不是簡單的重復(fù)，再次出現(xiàn)的主題句往往是前面主題句的進(jìn)一步引申或發(fā)展。Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war

9、. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal isThere are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacro

10、sse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.題目：The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game i

11、n Canada例題(4) 拋磚引玉式：文章的開頭只是提出一個問題或者貌似正確的觀點(diǎn)，而真正的主題則是通過對問題的解析和引申，或是通過責(zé)問和駁論的方式導(dǎo)出主題。How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural（不自然的, 反常的） environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair and respectful（尊重他人的）？Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, mo

12、st zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (棲息地). Zoos claim (聲稱) to educate people and save endangered species (物種), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty.Actually, we

13、will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.題目： What does the author try to argue(表明) in the passage？A.Zoos are not worth the public suppo

14、rt.B.Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.C.Zoos should treat animals as human beings.D.Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.例題(5) 藏龍臥虎式：即主題句隱含在全文當(dāng)中，沒有明確的主題句。具體方法是：首先弄清楚各個段落講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，尋找共同點(diǎn),然后加以歸納形成主題。Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of

15、China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(無武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade (貿(mào)易), 商業(yè)in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others ha

16、nds to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.題目：The first paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handsh

17、aking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China2選擇最好的標(biāo)題選帽原則：像帽子一樣，大小合適才行。另外，標(biāo)題要簡潔、突出、新穎。標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，所以它還要具有醒目的特點(diǎn)，能吸引讀者。例題(6)He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a

18、 spacesuit, his cheeks（臉頰） have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “C

19、an you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning？”Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)題目：What would be the best title for the passage？ AChristmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas BIs Santa Claus Really Alive？ CA Christmas Story DWhat Does Santa Claus Do

20、for Children？4. 主旨大意題專項(xiàng)練習(xí)（1）It was a Sunday and the heavy storm had lasted all night. The morning after the storm, though, was beautiful: blue skies, warm air and a calm, inviting sea.My father realized it was a good day for fishing and invited my sister and me to go with him. I was only 14 and fish

21、ing had never been my thing, but I decided to go all the same. Im so glad I did.Being on the boat, we found there was something meters away. When moving nearer, we saw it was a mother whale with her baby. We couldnt believe it there arent any whales along the coast. The storm must have driven them t

22、here, where the sea water was so dirty that nothing could live in it.The little baby whaleactually as big as our boatwas stuck and could not move. The mother went down into the water and came up suddenly, making big waves. “Shes trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side,” my father said. At thi

23、s point, my father moved our boat to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently. With our several gentle pushes the baby whale turned over and disappeared under water. Then it swam up right beside its mum. They made great efforts to swim towards the deep sea but fa

24、iled and started heading in the wrong direction. We hurried up to the whales and tried to lead them to the sea. Slowly, they let us lead them, sometimes rising from the water right beside us to breathe and to give us a trusting look with those huge eyes. Once they hit their first part of clean water

25、 from the sea, the mum gave us a wave with her tail and off they swam into the deep sea.In the excitement it had felt like only a few minutes, but we had been with those wonderful animals for almost an hour and a half. That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Today, I still look back to th

26、at golden day at sea.57. By telling the story, the writer wants to tell us that . A. saving lives makes people happyB. its a good experience to go fishing C. we should live with animals happilyD. keeping sea water clean is important（2）Do you want to watch a hot movie while chatting with your friend

27、on the phone, or shop with your mobile phone while, on a train? The ongoing technology development has made these things come to our daily life.It is said that China has had the right to use the third generation telecommunication technology (3G) since 2009. The so-called 3G technology allows mobile

28、phone users enjoy high-speed Internet-based services. It helps increase mobility in many areas of our lives.Nowadays, many mobile phones allow you to send e-mails or read the latest stories on the Internet, but the speed is not pleasing, which is only 10 kilobytes (KB) per second. But 3G goes on the

29、 Interact with a speed of up to 2 megabytes (MB) per second. If recent mobile technology is like riding bikes on a country mad, then 3G will make you fly on the information highway. For example, a mobile phone with 3G technology can help download a three-minute MP3 song within two minutes while it w

30、ill take you up to an hour to do this with your common mobile phone.In the UK and many other European countries where 3G services have around since 2003, 3G has already become a part of modem business life. Nowadays, office workers are able to spend some of their working hours at home. The new techn

31、ology allows the first aid services to provide a video link with a hospital or doctor for patients who need special care.61. What's the main idea of this passage?A. You have to buy a new mobile phone if you want to enjoy 3G.B. 3G mobile technology makes our life richer and more convenient.C. In

32、the future, you can enjoy high-quality music using your phone.D. 3G movies on mobile phones are coming to us in the nearby future.(3) Once there was a piano player in a bar(酒吧). People came just to hear him play. But one night, a lady asked him to sing a song. “I dont sing,” said the man. But the la

33、dy told the waiter, “Im tired of listening to the piano. I want the player to sing!” The waiter shouted across the room, “Hey, friend! If you want to get paid, sing a song!” So he did. He had never sung in public before. Now he was singing for the very first time! Nobody had ever heard the song Mona

34、 Lisa sung so beautifully! He had talent(天賦) he was sitting on! He may have lived the rest of his life as a no-name piano player in a no-name bar. But once he found, by accident, that he could sing well, he went on working hard and became one of the best-known singers in the US. His name was Nat Kin

35、g Cole. You, too, have skills and abilities. You may not feel that your talent is great, but it may be better than you think. With hard work, most skills can be improved. Besides, you may have no success at all if you just sit on your talent.60. Which could be the best title (標(biāo)題) for the passage? A.

36、 Sing in the Bar B. Achieve Success in Life C. Never Lose Heart D. Find Your Hidden Talent二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題又叫事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，是中考閱讀題中最?？嫉念}型之一，考查學(xué)生理解所讀材料的具體信息。1、細(xì)節(jié)理解題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型表達(dá)相同的意思。 干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)： 1.句子內(nèi)容部分正確，部分錯誤； （以偏概全） 2.是原文信息，但不是與題目相符的內(nèi)容； （張冠李戴） 3.符合常識，但不是文章內(nèi)容； （無中生有） 4.與

37、原句的內(nèi)容極為相似，只是在程度上有些變動，如某些表示程度、頻率的詞。（擴(kuò)大內(nèi)容） 2、 例題分析例題（1）A survey has been published which shows that British people dont like their neighbors very much. 80% of the people who took part in the survey feel that their neighbors hardly pay attention to others feelings. 25% dont talk to the people who live

38、next door and 10% dont even know their names. In fact, one million people in Britain would like to move because they dont get along well with their neighbors. 文章后面有這樣一道題：How many percent of people never talk to their neighbors?A. 80%      B. 25%     C. 10%

39、0;   D. 90% 解析：根據(jù)該段中的句子“25% dont talk to the people who live next door”可以知道正確答案為B。“the people who live next door”指的就是neighbors，題目正是用了不同的詞語或單詞來代替文章中的原句。 例題（2）The biggest challenge now is to find ways to bring the satellites back to the earth after a year or two. Otherwise, major highways of

40、 space junk could gradually increase as CubeSats become more common. 60. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. CubeSats could possible cause pollution in space.B. A few kids will send applications for the project.C. Scientists designed CubeSats for the kid to play withD. Studen

41、ts cant design satellites without college education.解析：此題考查的是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，這道題是單詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，問題當(dāng)中用的是“junk” 垃圾這個單詞，答案中用的是“pollution”污染這個詞，雖然形式不一樣，但是卻表達(dá)的是一個意思。 例題（3） When you cough or sneeze, youd better turn your head away from others and cover your month with the full part of your hand. And then, you should say,

42、“Excuse me”.51.When you cough or sneeze, you should _A. touch everything B. cover your mouthC. point out to the kids D. pass the germs to others解析：此題較簡單我們可以直接從原文中找出答案，答案只是對原文進(jìn)行了同義轉(zhuǎn)述。例題（4）Shanghai-Today there more than 350,000 people visiting the Expo(世博)。The French pavilion is still the hottest. Ove

43、r 3,000 people waiting in line in front of it .The organizers suggest visitors go to other pavilions first .In fact , pavilions of countries such as Russia , Canada, Japan and America are all very good.Xian -Today more than 2,000 people have written their names on a paper. They promise to use less e

44、nergy and live a low-carbon(低碳) life .Lets follow them .Cut off the power of your computer when you dont use it .Turn off the lights when going out. Use buses more. Share your cars with others .Eat less meat. Lets do our best to stop the earth from warming. Ankang-A taxi driver found a bag in his ca

45、r this morning. There was 10,000 yuan in it . The kind-hearted driver gave the bag to the police. The police have now found the owner, a businessman from Baoji. To show his thanks, the owner wanted to give him 500 yuan, but the driver didnt take it . He says it is something that any taxi driver will

46、 doXining-A special train is now leaving Xining for Shanghai. It carries the last 300 Tibetan children .The platform is crowded with people. Most of them are parents. These children will study in some famous schools in Shanghai until they finish high school .Those schools will pay all their expenses

47、 (費(fèi)用)。 The children will also get 100 yuan as pocket money each month . Many parents ask us to give their thanks to the Party. 5. Which of the following is TURE according to the news?A The American pavilion is the most popular B. The readers are asked not to share their cars with others C. The gover

48、nment takes good care of the Tibetan children D. The taxi driver took the 500 yuan 3、細(xì)節(jié)理解題專項(xiàng)練習(xí)AI heard the bees long before I saw them.It was a very hot afternoon, and we decided to cool off in the river near my home. As we climbed down a small rocky hill toward the water, my boyfriend John suddenly

49、 started to shout then jumped into the water below. Peter and Mary quickly followed but I was too far away to jump. I was trapped.I heard a low hum(嗡嗡聲)，which was growing louder. From a distance, the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke. As it got closer, I realized it was actually thou

50、sands of bees flying towards me.All I could do was cover my face with hands. Crazily, I thought that if I sat very still, the bees would think I was just another rock.After a few minutes, I knew my plan hadnt worked. The bees were attacking me. I could hear my friends shouting at me to get down to t

51、he pool fast.But it wasnt so easy. I was in great pain and the only way I could get away was to use my hands to climb down the rocks. However, I was afraid to do that at first because my face would be unprotected. The noise the bees made was so loud and frightening, but I had no choice.I rushed down

52、 the rocks and jumped into the pool, but I dont remember doing it. I was just so happy to be free from the pain. I was safe, and the water felt wonderful.But we still werent out of danger. Every time we tried to climb out of the pool, the bees flew back over our heads. We spent the next three hours

53、in the water, putting our heads under the water from time to time to avoid the bees until they finally lost interest.46. How many people went swimming that day?A. Two. B. Three C. Four D. Five47. The underlined word “it” (in Paragraph 3) refers to .A. a rock B. the group of bees C. a hill D. the riv

54、er48. At first why didnt the writer want to climb down the rocks?A. She was afraid she would fall.B. She was too far away from pool.C. She thought the bees would follow her.D. She didnt want her face to be unprotected.49. How did the writer escape the bees?A. She covered her face with her hands.B. S

55、he hid behind the rocks.C. She jumped into a water pool.D. She pretended to be a rock.BWant to stay away from colds? Put on a happy face.Compared to unhappy people, those who are cheerful and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds, according to a new study. Its possible that being happy helps the body fight illnesses, say the researchers from New York U