英語基礎(chǔ)語法知識

1、英語句子成分（8種）主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語、同位語1、 主語是句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞、動名詞充當(dāng)。 English is a foreign language. I like learning English. Learning English is interesting.2、 謂語說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔(dān)任。 I learn English every day.3、 表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。 如：My name is Ping ping . I

2、 am happy. The book is mine. 連系動詞分類： （1）狀態(tài)系動詞：用來表示主語性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。 He is a teacher. He is ill. (2) 感官系動詞：look,feel, smell, sound, taste Your mother looks young. This kind of cloth feels soft. The flower smells good. This song sounds great. The soup tasted delicious. （3）表像系動詞:seem, look 看起來好像 He looks

3、 tired. He seems (to be) very sad. （4）持續(xù)系動詞：表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況，主要有 keep, stay keep和stay義為“保持”, remain 義為“仍然是，依然是” keep/stay healthy （5）變化系動詞：變得become, turn, get, fall, go，grow等. become /get angry, famous, fat, ill, old, strong(人) become/ get cold ,dark, cloudy（天氣） go 主要指一種由強(qiáng)到弱或由好到壞的變化(可用于人或事物) go bad, hu

4、ngry, wrong Her face turned red/ green. fall ill/ silent grow impatient6）終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實"之意. The theory proved (to be ) wrong. His plan turned out (to be ) successful （turn out表終止性結(jié)果）4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的

5、前面。如：He wrote me a letter .有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . 5、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean./ We call him Jack. 6、定語修飾名詞或代詞，如：Shanghai is a big city . I have something interesting to tell you.7、狀語：副詞作狀語用來修飾動詞或整個句子。此外，還有地點

6、狀語，時間狀語等等。 She cried sadly. Sadly, she failed in the exam.8. 同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如： Where is your classmate Tom ?分析下列句子成分 1. She smiles happily2. I am hungry. 3. . Trees turn green in spring. 4. Unluckily, he broke a window. 5. They pushed the door open. 6. Mr. Li considered him honest. 7. She

7、 showed us her pictures. 8. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 9. We will make our school more beautiful. 10. Grandma gave me a letter last night. 英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。英語簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)1. 主語+謂語（vi.）She cried sadly. 2. 主語+謂語（vt.）+賓語I saw a film yesterday. I didnt meet him at the meeting. He reached Lond

8、on.3. 主語+謂語（vt.）+間接賓語+直接賓語Mother bought me a watch. Mother bought a watch for me.She showed us her new dress. She showed her new dress to us.4. 主語+謂語（vt.）+賓語+賓補I heard him singing in her room. We must keep our rivers clean. We call him Tom. 5. 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語She was too tired. Tom fell ill.翻譯下列句子：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

9、 1那天早上我們談了很多。 2會議將持續(xù)兩個小時。3小鳥在天空自由地飛翔. 4在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) 1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。 4他們成功地完成了計劃。 5你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 6那位先生能說三種語言。 7 Jim 還不會自己穿衣服。 主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 1他失業(yè)了。2我的兄弟都是大學(xué)生。 3冬季白天短，夜晚長。 4布朗夫人看起來很健康。 5十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 6這本書是有關(guān)美國歷史。 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) （主語 謂動 賓語 賓語補足語 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個

10、有趣的故事。 復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu) （主語 謂動 賓語 賓語補足語 ）1我們叫她Alice. 2明天我要找人來修理單車。 3他每個月理一次發(fā)。 并列句并列句是由連詞接所連接起來的兩個或多個簡單句。連接詞可以表達(dá)并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比。因果等關(guān)系。如：and表示并列或順承；but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系；because/so表示因果關(guān)系；while表示比較或?qū)Ρ?。Work hard, and you will succeed. Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. He is old,but he still works as hard as young people.

11、Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. I earn only 50 dollars a week while she earns 80 dollars. 復(fù)合句含有兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，必定有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的主句部分，而另一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)則是句子的次要部分，即從句部分。常見的從句有：定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句等。英語語法復(fù)習(xí)-動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)一、動詞的分類和形式：1、動詞按其能否獨立作謂語而分為：“謂語動詞”和“非謂語動詞”兩種,非謂語動詞有3種形式：to do, doing,

12、done;2、動詞的5種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和第三人稱單數(shù)（“三單”）3、動詞按其構(gòu)成動詞詞組作用分為：實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。英語八大時態(tài)一、    一般現(xiàn)在時：1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。2.時間狀語： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays,3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞 原形 （如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動詞上要加（e）S）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時

13、態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時還原行為動詞。5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首；用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。6.例句：. It seldom（很少） snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般過去時：1.概念：過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。2.時間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day be

14、fore yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動詞；行為動詞4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時還原行為動詞。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didn't kno

15、w you were so busy.三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： 1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作及行為。2.時間狀語：now, at this time, these days, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。6.例句： How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 過去進(jìn)行時：1.概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動作。2.時間狀語：at this time y

16、esterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 現(xiàn)在完成時：1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。2.時間狀語：recently, lately

17、, since，,in the past few years, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.5.一般疑問句：have或has。6.例句：I've written an article in the past few days. 六、 過去完成時：1.概念：以過去某個時間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為，或在過去某動作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。2.時間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done.

18、4.否定形式：had + not + done.5.一般疑問句：had放于句首。6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month. We had read four books 七、 一般將來時：1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2.時間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)

19、：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain. 八、 過去將來時：1.概念：立足于過去某一時刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語從句中。2.時間狀語：the next day(morning, year),the following mon

20、th(week),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would+ do.4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would+ not + do.5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would提到句首。6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.I asked who was going there.八大時態(tài)練習(xí)題：1 He swimming in the river every day in summer. (go)2.It you are right. ( seem

21、)3.Look, the children basketball on the playground. ( play )4.He to the radio when I came in, ( listen )5.It is very cold .I think it .( rain )6. I need some paper . I some for you . ( bring )7.I cant find my pen . Who it ?( take )8.He said that he back in five minutes . ( come )9.I didnt meet him.

22、He when I got there. ( leave )10.I my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose )11.He down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )12.He is not here. He to the post office. (go)13.He is very hungry. He anything for three days. ( not eat )14.I with you if I have time .( go )15.We will not go to the

23、cinema if it tomorrow . (rain )16.I will tell her the news when she to see me next week. (come)17. “ When you the car ?” “ In 1998 . ”( buy )18.We good friends since we met at school . （be）19.What you at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)20. .Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior.21. We the room eight times since last month.(clean)22. We the homework before he arrive