植物學(xué)(Botany)形態(tài)解剖學(xué)名詞

1、植物學(xué)形態(tài)解剖名詞：植物學(xué)(Botany)植物形態(tài)學(xué)(Plant morphology) 植物解剖學(xué)(pla nt an atomy) 原生質(zhì)體(protoplast) 細(xì)胞壁(cell wall) 顯微結(jié)構(gòu)(microscopic structure) 亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)(submicroscopic structure 超微結(jié)構(gòu)(ultramicroscopic structure) 質(zhì)體(Plastid) 葉綠體(chloroplast) 類(lèi)囊體(thylakoid) 基粒(granum)基粒間膜(基質(zhì)片層，fret)基質(zhì)(stroma 或 matrix) 有色體(或稱雜色體，chromopla

2、st) 白色體(leucoplas) 造油體(elaioplast) 前質(zhì)體(proplastid)液泡(vacuole) 液泡膜(ton oplast) 細(xì)胞液(cell sap)紋孔(pit)胞間連絲(plasmodesmata 后含物(ergastic substance 淀粉粒(starch grain) 淀粉體(amylop1as) 臍點(diǎn)(hilum)擬晶體(crystalloid )糊粉粒(aleuronegrain)糊粉層(aleurone laye)胞質(zhì)分裂(Cytokinesis)成膜體(phragmoplas)細(xì)胞板(cellplate)微管周期(microtubule c

3、ycle)細(xì)胞分化(cell differentiation)反分化(或脫分化 dedifferentiation)組織(tissue)分生組織(meristematic tissue或 meristem)頂端分生組織(apical meristem)側(cè)生分生組織(lateral meristem)居間分生組織(intercalarymeristem)形成層(cambium)木栓形成層(cork cambium 或 phellogen) 原分生組織(promeri-stem)初生分生組織(primary meristem)次生分生組織(secondary meristem保護(hù)組織(protec

4、tive tissue薄壁組織(parenchyma機(jī)械組織(mechanical tissue輸導(dǎo)組織(con duct ing tissue分泌結(jié)構(gòu)(secretory structure表皮(epidermis)周皮(periderm)氣孔(stoma)皮孔(lenticel )保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞(guard cell)吸收組織(absorptive tissue根毛（root hair）木栓（phellem 或 cork）栓層（phelloderm）同化組織（assimilating tissue儲(chǔ)藏組織（storage tissue儲(chǔ)水組織（aqueous tissue通氣組織（aerench

5、yma傳遞細(xì)胞（transfer cell）厚角組織（collenchyma ）厚壁組織（sclerencnyma石細(xì)胞（sclereid 或 stone cel）纖維（fiber ）木質(zhì)部（xylem ）韌皮部（phloem ）管胞（tracheid）導(dǎo)管分子（vesselelement或 vesselmember穿孔（perforation ）導(dǎo)管（vessel篩管分子（sieve-tube elemen或 sieve-tube member篩管（sieve tube篩孔（sieve pore篩孔（sieve pore篩板（sieve plate原生質(zhì)聯(lián)絡(luò)索（connecting stra

6、nd胼胝質(zhì)（callose篩域（sive area伴胞（companioncell）胼胝體（callus）篩胞（sieve cell）腺表皮（glandular epidermis腺毛(glandular hair)蜜腺(nectary)排水器(hydathode吐水(guttation)水孔(waterPore)通水組織(epithem)分泌細(xì)胞(secretorycell)分泌腔(secretorycavity)分泌道(secretorycana乳汁管(laticifer)無(wú)節(jié)乳汁管(nonar-ticulatelaticifer)有節(jié)乳汁管(arti-culatelaticifer)組織

7、系統(tǒng)(tissue system)皮組織系統(tǒng)(dermal tissue system維管組織系統(tǒng)(vascular tissue system基本組織系統(tǒng)(fun dame ntal tissue system或 groun dtissue system皮系統(tǒng)(dermal system)維管系統(tǒng)(vascular system基本系統(tǒng)(fun dame ntal system或 ground system)種子(seed胚(embryo)胚乳(endosperm)種皮(seed coat testa)夕卜胚乳(perisperm)胚根(radicle)胚芽(plumule )胚軸(hypo

8、cotyl )子葉(cotyledon)種臍(hilum)種阜(caruncle)種脊(raphe)有胚乳種子(albuminousseed 無(wú)胚乳種子(exalbuminous seed 胚芽鞘(coleoptile) 胚根鞘(coleorhi- za) 盾片(scutellum) 外胚葉(epiblast)種子萌發(fā)(seed germ in atior)子葉出土的幼苗(epigaeous seedling 子葉留土的幼苗(hypogaeous seedling 器官(organ)營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官(vegetative orgar)根(root )根系(root system) 主根(main ro

9、ot) 直根(tap root) 初生根(primaryroot ) 側(cè)根(lateral root) 次生根(sec on daryroo) 不定根(adventitiousroot) 定根(no rmal root) 種子根(seminal root) 直根系(taprootsystem) 須根系(fibrousrootsystem) 原始細(xì)胞(initialcell) 不活動(dòng)中心(或稱靜止中心，quiescentcentre 根尖(roottip) 根冠(root cap)分生區(qū)(meristematiczon© 伸長(zhǎng)區(qū)(elongationzon成熟區(qū)(maturationz

10、one)維管柱(vascular cylinder)皮層(cortex)切向分裂(弦向分裂，tan ge ntialdivision) 平周分裂(periclinalkivision )徑向分裂(radialdivision)橫向分裂(transversedivisior)垂周分裂(anticlinaldivision )根毛區(qū)(roothairzon初生生長(zhǎng)(primary growth)初生組織(primary tissue)初生結(jié)構(gòu)(primary structure)根被(velamen)夕卜皮層(exodermis)皮層(endode mis)凱氏帶(Casparian strip通

11、道纟田胞(passage cell中柱鞘(pericycle)髓( pith)初生木質(zhì)部(primary xylem)初生韌皮部(primary phloem)夕卜始式(exarch)原生木質(zhì)部(protoxylem)后生木質(zhì)部(metaxylem)木質(zhì)部脊(xylem ridge )二原型(diarch)三原型(triarch )四原型(tetrarch)五原型(pentarch六原型(hexarch)多原型(polyarch)原生韌皮部(protophloem) 后生韌皮部(meta-phloem) 根原基(root primordium) 起源(en doge no usorigir)

12、形成層環(huán)(cambium ring) 木射線(xylemray) 韌皮射線(phloemray) 維管射線(vascularray) 木栓形成層(phellogen 或 cork cambium) 栓層(phelloderm) 木栓(phellem 或 cork) 周皮(periderm) 共生(symbiosis) 根瘤(root nodule) 菌根(mycorrhiza) 夕卜生菌根(ectotrophic mycorrhiza) 生菌根(endotrophic mycorrhiza) 夕卜生菌根(ectendotrophicmycorrhiza) 莖( stem) 節(jié)(node)節(jié)間(

13、in ternode)枝或枝條(shoot)葉痕(leafsca)維管束痕(bundle sca,簡(jiǎn)稱束痕) 芽鱗痕(bud scalescar 芽(bud) 枝芽(branch bud 葉芽(leafbud) 花芽(floralbud)葉原基(leaf primordium)腋芽原基(axillary bud primordium )側(cè)枝原基(lateral branch primordium) 枝原基(branchprimordium) 芽軸(bud axis)定芽(normalbud)不定芽(adventitiousbud)頂芽(terminal bud)腋芽(axillary bud)

14、側(cè)芽(lateral bud)副芽(accessory bud葉柄下芽(subpetiolar bud)裸芽(nakedbud被芽(protectedbud鱗片(scale)芽鱗(bud scale鱗芽(scalybud)混合芽(mixedbud )活動(dòng)芽(activebud)休眠芽(dormant bud)潛伏芽(late nt bud)直立莖(erect stem)纏繞莖(twining stem )攀援莖(climbing stem )匍匐莖(creeping stem)纖匍枝(runner)單軸分枝(monopodial branching)合軸分枝(sympodial branchi

15、ng) 假二叉分枝(falsedichotomous branching 二叉分枝(dichotomousbranching分蘗 (tiller)原表皮(protoderm)基本分生組織(ground meristem)原形成層(procambium)生長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)(growing point)生長(zhǎng)錐(growing tip)莖端(stem apeX根端(root apeX枝端或苗端(shoot apeX莖尖(stemtip)根尖(root tip )組織原學(xué)說(shuō)(histogen theory表皮原(dermatoger)皮層原(periblem)中柱原(plerome)原套-原體學(xué)說(shuō)(tunica

16、corpus theory原套(tunica)原體(corpus細(xì)胞學(xué)分區(qū)概念(concept of cytologicalzonation)葉原座(leaf buttress初生組織(primary tissue)初生結(jié)構(gòu)(primary structure)通氣組織(aerenchyma淀粉鞘(starch sheath無(wú)限維管束(open bun die有限維管束(closed bun die外韌維管束(collateral bundle)雙韌維管束(bicollateral bundle)周韌維管束(amphicribral bundle)周木維管束(amphivasal bundle

17、同心維管束(concentrie bundle中柱(stele)原生中柱(protostele)管狀中柱(siphonosteie中央柱(centralcylinder)維管柱(vascularcylinder) 始式(endarch)環(huán)髓帶(perimedullaryzone) 髓腔(pith cavity) 髓射線(pith ray) 初生射線(primary ray) 樹(shù)脂道(res in canal 維管束鞘(bundle sheath 下皮(hypodermis) 初生加厚分生組織(primary thickening meristem) 束中形成層(fascicularcambiu

18、m)。束間形成層(interfascicular cambium)形成層帶(cambial zone韌皮射線(phloem ray)維管射線(vascular ray)次生射線(secondary ray初生射線(primary ray )侵入生長(zhǎng)(intrusivegrowth 或 interpositional growth) 早材(early wood) 晚材(late wood)生長(zhǎng)輪(growth ring)生長(zhǎng)層(growth layer)年輪(annual ring)心材(heart wood)侵填體(tylosis )邊材（sap wood）木材解剖學(xué)（xylotomy 或 w

19、oodanatomy） 補(bǔ)充組織（complementary tissue 圭寸閉層（closing layer）葉（leaf光合作用（photosynthesis柵欄組織（palisade tissue海綿組織（spongy tissue蒸騰作用（transpiration）葉片（lamina 或 blade）葉柄（petiole）托葉（stipule）完全葉（complete leaf不完全葉（in complete leaf）無(wú)柄葉（sessil lea）葉狀柄（phyllode）盾形葉（peltatelea）葉尖（leaf apeX葉基（leaf base葉緣（leaf margin）

20、葉鞘（leaf sheath葉舌（ligulate）葉耳（auricle）葉枕（pulvinus）葉脈（vein）脈序（venation）單葉（simple leaf）復(fù)葉（compoundlea）葉軸（rachis）總?cè)~柄（com mon petiole）小葉(leaflet)小葉柄(petiolule)羽狀復(fù)葉(pinnately compound lea)掌狀復(fù)葉(palmately compound lea)三出復(fù)葉(ternatelycompoundlea) 三出掌狀復(fù)葉(ternate palmate leaf 三出羽狀復(fù)葉(tern ate pinn ate leaf 奇數(shù)羽狀復(fù)

21、葉(odd-pinnately compound lea) 偶數(shù)羽狀復(fù)葉(even pinnately compound leaf) 一回羽狀復(fù)葉(simple pinnate lea) 二回羽狀復(fù)葉(bipinnate leaf) 三回羽狀復(fù)葉(trip inn ateleaf)單身復(fù)葉(unifoliate compound leaf) 葉序(phyllotaxy ) 互生(alternat® 對(duì)生(opposite)輪生(whorled 或 verticillate)葉序周(cycle)開(kāi)度(divergenc®交互對(duì)生(decussate。簇生葉序(fascicle

22、d phyllotaxy )葉鑲嵌(leaf mosaic)異形葉性(heterophylly )葉肉(mesophyll)異面葉(dorsi-ventralleaf 或 bifacialleaf )等面葉(isobilateral leaf)復(fù)表皮(multiple pyidermis) 副衛(wèi)細(xì)胞(subsidiary cell ) 氣孔器(stomatalapparatus 氣孔復(fù)合體(stomatalcomplex)維管束鞘延伸(bundlesheathextensio"泡狀細(xì)胞(bulliform cell )運(yùn)動(dòng)細(xì)胞(motorcell)沉水葉(submerged leaf

23、陽(yáng)地植物(sun plant)陰地植物(shadeplan)耐蔭植物(tolerant plant)落葉樹(shù)(deciduous tree常綠樹(shù)(evergreen tree離區(qū)(abscission zone離層(abscission layer或分離層 separationlaye)保護(hù)層(protectivelayer)葉跡(leaf trace葉隙(leaf gap)枝跡(branch trace枝隙(branch gap根和莖的過(guò)渡區(qū)(也稱轉(zhuǎn)變區(qū)，transition region或 transition zone) 肉質(zhì)直根(fleshy tap root)額外形成層(supernu

24、merarycambium或畐U形成層 accessory cambium 塊根(root tuber)支柱根(prop root)攀援根(climbing root)呼吸根(respiratory root)寄生根(parasitic root)吸器(haustorium)半寄生植物(semi parasitic plant)地上莖(aerial stem)地下莖(subterraneous stem莖刺(stemthorn)莖卷須(stem tendril )葉狀莖(也稱葉狀枝，phylloid )小鱗莖(bulblet)小塊莖(tubercle)根狀莖(rhizoma)塊莖(tuber)

25、鱗莖(bulb)球莖(corm)莖朿 U (stem thorn) 莖卷須(stem ten dril) 葉狀莖(phylloid) 肉質(zhì)莖(fleshy stem) 苞片(bract) 鱗葉(scale leaf) 葉卷須(leaf ten dril) 葉刺(leaf thorn) 葉狀柄(phyllode) 捕蟲(chóng)葉(inect catdning leaf) 營(yíng)養(yǎng)繁殖(vegetative propagation) 抱子繁殖(或無(wú)性繁殖 asexual reproduction) 有性生殖(sexual reproduction抱子(spore)配子(gamete花( flower)花柄(花

26、梗，Pedicel)花托(Receptacle花被(Periath)花萼(calyx )萼片(sepa )花冠(corlla )副萼(accessory calx雄蕊群(Androecium)雄蕊(stamer) 花絲(faliment) 花藥(an the) 花粉囊(pollen sac) 藥隔(connective) 花粉粒(pollen grain) 雌蕊群(Gynoecium) 雌蕊(pistil)四強(qiáng)雄蕊 (tetrad yn amous stame n) 二強(qiáng)雄蕊 (did yn amous stame n) 單體雄蕊 (mono delphous stame n) 二體雄蕊(di

27、adephous stamen) 多體雄蕊 (polydephous stame n) 聚藥雄蕊(synatherous stamen) 柱頭(Stigma) 花柱(style) 子房(ovary) 心皮(Carpus) 單雌蕊(simple pistil) 離生單雌蕊( apocarpous pisti) 合生心皮雌蕊(syncarpous pisti) 復(fù)雌蕊( compo und pistil) 子房壁(ovary wall) 子房室(locule) 胎座(placenta)邊緣胎座(marginal placentation) 側(cè)膜胎座(parietal placentation)中軸

28、胎座(axile placentation)特立中央胎座(free central placentation 子房上位(superior ovary) 子房下位(inferior ovary) 子房半下位(halp-inferior ovary) 完全花(Flower)兩性花(bisexual flower) 單性花(uni sexual flower) 雌花(pistillate flower) 雄花(stam in ate flower) 雌雄同株(monoecious 雌雄異株(dioecious) 無(wú)性花(n eutral flower) 穎片(glume) 夕卜稃(lemma) 稃(

29、pelea) 漿片(lodicule) 花程式(Floral formula) 花圖式(Floral diagram) 花序(inflorescenee 抱原細(xì)胞(archesp-orial cell) 初生周緣層(primary parietal layer) 初生造抱細(xì)胞(primary sporogenous cell) 藥室壁(endothecium) 中層(middle layer) 絨氈層(tapetum) 纖維層(fibrous layer) 花粉母細(xì)胞(Pollen mothercell) 花粉(pollen)營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞(vegetative cel) 生殖細(xì)胞(generati

30、ve cel) 同時(shí)型(simultaneous type)連續(xù)型(successive type)外壁(ex in e)壁(in ti ne)抱粉學(xué)(Palynology)直生胚珠(Orthotropous ovule)倒生胚珠(An atropous ovule)橫生胚珠(Amphitropous ovule)彎生胚珠(Campulitropous ovule) 拳卷胚珠(Circinotropous ovule) 合點(diǎn)(chalaza)珠心(nu cellus)珠被(in tegume nt)夕卜珠被(outer in tegume nt)珠被(inner in tegume nt)珠孑

31、 L (micropyle)珠柄(fun iculus)胚囊母纟田胞(embryo-sac mother cel) 胚丕囊(embryo-sac)絲狀器(filiform apparatus)極核(polar nuclei)中央細(xì)胞(central cell)反足細(xì)胞(anitipodal cell)助細(xì)胞(synergid)卵器(egg apparatus卵細(xì)胞(egg)開(kāi)花(Anthesis)傳粉(Pollination)自花傳粉(Self-pollination)異花傳粉(cross poll in ati on)閉花受精(cleistogamy) 開(kāi)花受精(chasmogamy 傳粉(poll in ati on) 相互識(shí)別(recognition) 親和(compatible) 風(fēng)媒(anemophily) 風(fēng)媒花(anemophilous flower) 蟲(chóng)媒(entomophily) 蟲(chóng)媒花(entomophilous flower) 水媒(hydrophily) 鳥(niǎo)媒(ornithophily) 受精作用(fertilization) 花粉管(pollen tube) 干柱頭(dry stigma) 濕柱頭(wet stigma) 實(shí)心型花柱(solid style