初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-代詞講解

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 代詞代詞：為了避免重復(fù)而用來(lái)代替其他詞的詞。種類：1) 人稱 2) 物主 3) 反身4) 指示 5）不定6) 疑問(wèn)7) 相互代詞：each other, one another互相， 其所有格加-s8) 關(guān)系代詞：which， who，that，whom，whose等 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句9) 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever10）替代詞：one(單數(shù)), ones(復(fù)數(shù)） 用于替代前面出現(xiàn)的同類事物。但ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時(shí)無(wú)

2、形容詞在前，則用some, any，而不用ones。如：Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I 've bought some.一、人稱代詞1. 人稱代詞的形式單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一第二第三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem2. 人稱代詞的句法功能功能例句主格作主語(yǔ)They are fourteen years old. / She is a Chinese teacher.賓格作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)The box is too heavy. Let

3、me help you. / I like it very much.作介詞賓語(yǔ)Mary didnt want to go with me.作表語(yǔ)- Who is standing over there?- Its me.it的特殊用法指時(shí)間It is early spring, but its already very hot.指天氣It rained _（大）last night.指距離Its about five _（minute）walk from here to the library.How far is it

4、from your school to your home?作形式主語(yǔ)、形式賓語(yǔ)It is very nice of you to help me.I find it easy to learn English well.指前文提到的物-Wheres my book? -Its over there.指不知性別的嬰兒或不確指性別的人The baby is crying. It may be hungry.3. 人稱代詞的排列順序（單數(shù)231，復(fù)數(shù)123）當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞一起作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，單數(shù)按二、三、一人稱排列（即you, he / she, I）；復(fù)數(shù)

5、按一、二、三人稱排列（即we, you, they）。但是如果做錯(cuò)了事需要承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，要把說(shuō)話人（I）放在第一位。如：It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。二、物主代詞1. 物主代詞的形式 單 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)物主代詞形容詞性my yourhis heritsour yourtheir名詞性mineyours his hersits ours yours theirs2. 物主代詞的基本用法功 能例&#

6、160;句特 別 提 示形容詞性物主代詞作定語(yǔ)Her mother is a kind-hearted doctor.Their room is clean and tidy.形容詞性物主代詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。名詞性物主代詞(相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的-'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu))作主語(yǔ)That is his computer. Mine doesnt work.名詞性物主代詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)。如：Hers math is better than mine.（錯(cuò)！句中的_應(yīng)改為_）作賓語(yǔ)Her spoken English i

7、s better than yours.作表語(yǔ)This ballpen is hers. Where is mine?與of連用作定語(yǔ)The red skirt of hers is very beautiful. 3. 物主代詞的特殊用法在雙重所有格中只能用名詞性物主代詞。如：我的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ) friend of mine  , 她的一個(gè)同學(xué) a classmate of hers , each brother of his.三、反身代詞1. 反身代詞的形式反身代詞又叫自身代詞，表示動(dòng)作返回到動(dòng)作發(fā)出者本身。人&#

8、160;稱單 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves 第二人稱 yourselfyourselves第三人稱himself,herself, itselfthemselves 2. 反身代詞的句法功能功 能例 句特別提示作賓語(yǔ)Little Jimmy can dress himself now.She cooked herself a good meal.兩句中動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者與承受著均是同一個(gè)人，故賓語(yǔ)只能用反身代詞，不能用him和her。作表語(yǔ)The boy in t

9、he photo is myself, not Tom.I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。 作同位語(yǔ)（強(qiáng)調(diào)）The baby itself laughed.I myself went to visit my teacher.此句中，反身代詞itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介詞搭配，構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)Never leave the child by himself at home.I dont think I can do it by myself.初中常用的由反身代詞

10、構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)有：（見(jiàn)下）3.由反身代詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)   help oneself to 隨便吃    come to oneself 蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)，醒悟，恢復(fù)知覺(jué)   dress oneself 自己穿衣服    say to oneself 自言自語(yǔ)   enjoy oneself 玩得開心   lose oneself in迷路于，全神貫注于之中，消失于   teach one

11、self 自學(xué)      look after oneself by oneself 親自 learnby oneself 自學(xué) leave one by oneself 把某人單獨(dú)留下 hurt oneself 傷了自己make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束 四、指示代詞單數(shù)this這，這個(gè)that那，那個(gè)such這樣的人或物same同樣的人或物復(fù)數(shù)these這些those那些例句This is Bill speaking. Who is that?Where will these

12、60;pupils go?Do you like those? They are the latest fashion.I have never seen such a clever child before.Those two dresses are the same.He said the same thing again and again.1. that 用來(lái)代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞，those代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 The weather today is finer than that yesterday.The students

13、 in this school are different from those in that one.2. 打電話時(shí)，用that詢問(wèn)對(duì)方是誰(shuí)，用this介紹自己。This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking?說(shuō)明：That和those可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時(shí)，在作先行詞時(shí)，只有those可指人，試比較：(對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。(對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外

14、表漂亮的人。（those指人）(錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well.（that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人）(對(duì)) He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）(對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）五、疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句）如：Tell me who he is. 告訴我他

15、是誰(shuí)。格指人指物指人或物主格who誰(shuí)what什么which哪個(gè)，哪些賓格whom誰(shuí)所有格whose誰(shuí)的whose誰(shuí)的whose誰(shuí)的說(shuō)明1： 無(wú)論是做疑問(wèn)代詞還是限定詞，which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無(wú)限的，而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)，例如： Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘？ What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘？說(shuō)明2：Whom是who的賓格，在書面語(yǔ)中，它作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用who代替，但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如： Who(m) did yo

16、u meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了誰(shuí)？（作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)） Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰(shuí)？（作介詞賓語(yǔ)，置句首） To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校園里和誰(shuí)講話了？（作介詞賓語(yǔ)，置介詞后，不能用who取代。）六、不定代詞：不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語(yǔ)

17、、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，但none和由some，any，no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；every和no只能作定語(yǔ)。如：- Do you have a car? -你有一輛小汽車嗎？ - Yes，I have one.-是的，我有一輛。- I don't know any of them. 他們，我一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)。不定代詞的形式例 詞普通不定代詞some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / anyone / no onesomething / anything / nothingone / none個(gè)體不定代詞ev

18、ery / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / everyone / everything數(shù)量不定代詞many / much, few / a few / little / a littlea lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many 辨析：不定代詞用法1some1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2) 當(dāng)做"某一"解時(shí)，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（= a certain） You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天，

19、你會(huì)后悔這件事的。 A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。3) 用于肯定句中 4）表請(qǐng)求、建議或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句中。Would you like some coffee?*a.在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示確定的意義時(shí)，如：If you need some help，let me know.*b.當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時(shí)，some可用于否定句。如：I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.這些年我沒(méi)有收到一些老朋友的信。any1

20、)多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。He doesnt have any money.Are there any people in the room?If you have any questions, please ask me for help.2) 表“任何”時(shí)，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.這有三本小說(shuō)，你可任讀一本。 You may come at any time; Ill be home the whole day.2both兩者都Her parents are both doctors.*a.both,

21、 all 都可作同位語(yǔ)，其位置在行為動(dòng)詞前， be 動(dòng)詞之后。如果助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞省去，則位于助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.all三者及以上都可作主、賓、表、定、同。 We all want to go to the zoo.*all 的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。 如： All goes well. 一切進(jìn)展得很好。All that you have done is very helpful.*all在定語(yǔ)從句中作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞只能用that。*all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單

22、數(shù)連用，如：不說(shuō) all the book，而說(shuō) the whole book。 但all可與表時(shí)間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但習(xí)慣上不說(shuō) all hour，all century。all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the wayeither兩者之一Either of the answers is correct.neither兩者都不Neither of us goes abroad.1）neither作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Neither

23、of the two answers is right.2）作定語(yǔ)與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither nor 用作并列連詞，可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。3）可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。如： She can't sing，neither (can) he. *neither 與nor a.如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you don't do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。 b. 如后連續(xù)有幾個(gè)否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。 He can't sing，nor dance，nor ska

24、te.any三者之一Any movie is boring.none三者及以上都不None of his friends has/have been to Nanjing.1) none作主語(yǔ)，多與of 構(gòu)成短語(yǔ) none of。 在答語(yǔ)中，none可單獨(dú)使用。 I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。 Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2) none作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但如做表語(yǔ)，則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語(yǔ)一致。 It is none of your business.3every三個(gè)及以上的 “每個(gè)都”強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念

25、。只能做定語(yǔ)。 Every student in our school works hard.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。1)every 只作形容詞，不可單獨(dú)使用。 Every student has to take one.2) every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠(chéng)實(shí)。 3) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等；each pron. a. ad.兩個(gè)及以上的“每個(gè)”強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念，可構(gòu)成of短語(yǔ)Each student may have one book.每個(gè)學(xué)生都可有一本書。1）each可作代

26、詞或形容詞。 Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.但we each have a book.2) each 和not連用表示全部否定。Each man is not honest.這兒每個(gè)人都不誠(chéng)實(shí)。4many+ C"許多",How many people are there at the meeting?Many of the workers were at the meeting.many a (=many)但Many books were sold. Many a book was so

27、ld. 賣出了許多書。many/much多用于疑、否，whether引導(dǎo)的賓從中。日常談話中，純粹的肯定句一般可數(shù)的用a large number of, a good/great many, 不可數(shù)多用a good/great deal of, 可數(shù)不可數(shù)均可用的有a lot of, lots of, plenty of.much + U"許多"How much time has we left?Much of the time was spent on learning.5few + C “沒(méi)有幾個(gè)，幾乎沒(méi)有” He has few friends. 他幾乎沒(méi)有朋友。

28、a few+ C“有幾個(gè)”He has a few friends.他有幾個(gè)朋友。only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)little+ U “沒(méi)有多少，幾乎沒(méi)有”Hurry！We have little time left. a little+ U“有一點(diǎn)兒”We still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間。6other+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù) 泛指“其他的”What other animals do you like?the other day 前幾天 every other day 隔天 on the oth

29、er side 另一邊on the one hand on the other hand 一方面另一方面the other兩者中的另一個(gè)one the other一個(gè)另一個(gè)（只有兩個(gè)）We have two sisters. One is 16, the other is 12. I found one shoe, but I cant see the other one. oneonethe other一個(gè)，另一個(gè)，第三個(gè)others = other people/things 泛指“其他的人或物”some others，othersWe shouldnt laugh at others.

30、the others = the rest剩余的全部（特定范圍內(nèi)的人或物）some the others一些其他的（有三個(gè)以上）There are 50 students in our class. Some are reading, the others are doing homework.another泛指三者及以上中的另一個(gè)1.one another，the third2.The shirt is too small. Can I try another one?Dont lose heart. Have another try. 3.another two/few weeks 再兩(

31、幾)周= two more weekseg. We love here. We want to stay another three days.4. one after another 一個(gè)接一個(gè)地復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。something, anything, everything, nothing ,somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody,someone, anyone, everyone，( no one)作主語(yǔ)Both of them are Chinese.賓語(yǔ) I know nothing about him.表語(yǔ) Thats not

32、hing. 沒(méi)什么。定語(yǔ) You may take either road. 1. 有形容詞修飾，要后置。Theres sth wrong with the TV.2. 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Everything goes well. 辨析： 1. one，that 和it one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個(gè)，而it 與所指名詞為同一個(gè)。I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。 The hat you bought is bigger tha

33、n that I bought.(同類但不同個(gè)) 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2. .anyone/any one anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。3.no one/nobody， none和noa) none 后跟of短語(yǔ)，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨(dú)使用，只指人。None of you could lift it. 你們中沒(méi)有人可舉起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-剛才有人打電話給我嗎? - No one. -沒(méi)有。b) none用法相當(dāng)于名詞，一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。 作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是單數(shù)。None of the problems is/ are easy to solve. None of the milk was left.c) no one 一般回答who，含anyone，anybody的疑問(wèn)句。Is there anyone in