畢業(yè)論文基于單片機的出租車計價系統(tǒng)設計

1、基于單片機的出租車計價系統(tǒng)設計1 設計目的，要求和設計方法1.1設計目的（1） 學習基本理論在實踐中綜合運用的初步經驗，掌握電路設計的基本方法、設計步驟,培養(yǎng)綜合設計與調適能力,進一步提高綜合運用所學知識和設計能力的的目的。（2） 掌握C語言程序設計方法。（3） 培養(yǎng)實踐技能，提高分析和解決實際問題的能力，并具備一定程度的設計能力。1.2基本設計要求本出租車自動計費，上電后顯示最初的起步價，里程計費單價，等待時間計費單價，通過按鍵可以調節(jié)起步價，里程計費單價，等待時間計費單價。同時具有運行，等待，暫停等狀態(tài)，可以顯示暫停的時間。出租車停止后能夠顯示行駛的總費用。1.3性能指標 1、費用的計算是

2、按行駛里程收費。設起步價為7.00元。2、當里程3km時，每公里按1.7元計費。4、等待累計時間2min時，按1.5元/min計費。1.4顯示功能1、顯示行駛里程：用兩位數(shù)字顯示，顯示方式為“XX”,單位為km。計程范圍0-99km，精確到1km。2、顯示等候時間：用兩位數(shù)字顯示，顯示方式為“XX”,單位為min。計時范圍0-59min，精確到1min。3、顯示總費用：用四位數(shù)字顯示，顯示方式為“XXX.X”,單位為元。計價范圍0-999.9元，精確到0.1元。1.3 設計方法 本設計采用AT89C51單片機為主控器，并用開關或者頻率信號發(fā)生器模擬車速，利用AT89C51的定時器工作在方式1下

3、定時實現(xiàn)對出租車的計時及計價設計，輸出采用LCD液晶顯示屏顯示。2 設計方案及原理2.1 設計方案本設計，利用單片機豐富的端口和控制的靈活性，采用AT89C51單片機為主控器，并用開關或頻率信號發(fā)生器模擬車速，通過石英振蕩器，LCD液晶顯示和發(fā)光二級管以及單片機內部程序構成完整的出租車計價系統(tǒng)，基本可以實現(xiàn)了按運行狀態(tài)計價的功能，價格調整功能。2.2 設計原理出租車計價是根據(jù)車所行駛的路程以及乘客乘車的里程綜合決定的。出租車行駛總路程可以通過車輪的周長乘車輪旋轉圈數(shù)得到。即可計算得到車輪旋轉幾周出租車能行駛一公里的路程。通過計數(shù)接收到的脈沖個數(shù)，計算出當前所行駛的路程。同時，通過LCD液晶顯示

4、器顯示當前的行駛里程、等待時間和需支付的車費。出租車計價器用于記錄里程、起步公里數(shù)與價格的關系。模擬出租車計價器能根據(jù)總里程數(shù)、起步公里數(shù)的情況作出相應報價等。3 出租車計價器系統(tǒng)的硬件設計3.1 出租車硬件框圖圖2-1系統(tǒng)的硬件框圖3.2 出租車計價器硬件連接圖AT89C51的最小系統(tǒng)：時鐘電路是單片機內部有一個高增益反相放大器，其輸入端為芯片引腳XTAL1，其輸出端為引腳XTAL2。通過這兩個引腳在芯片外并接石英晶體振蕩器和兩只電容（電容和一般取30pF）。這樣就構成一個穩(wěn)定的自激振蕩器。復位操作是按鍵復位,按鍵復位具有上電復位功能外，若要復位，只要按圖中的RESET鍵，電源VCC經電阻R

5、1、R2分壓，在RESET端產生一個復位高電平。AT89C51的最小系統(tǒng)硬件圖如圖3.2(a)所示。圖3.2(a) AT89C51的最小系統(tǒng)硬件圖液晶顯示和LED燈指示電路：顯示電路對于現(xiàn)實電路我們采用液晶顯示，液晶又分字符型和點陣型，我們使用的液晶是字符型液晶，并且?guī)ё址麕斓?，不需要查找代碼,英文字符就可以。運行狀態(tài)指示電路采用發(fā)光二級管對運行方式進行指示，可清楚看到計價器的運行狀態(tài)。液晶顯示和LED燈指示電路如圖3.2(b)所示。圖3.2(b) 液晶顯示和LED燈指示電路 按鍵電路：按鍵電路是通過按鍵去調節(jié)初始選擇、調節(jié)，模式選擇，開始運行，終止等功能?；魻杺鞲衅骼锍逃嬎闶峭ㄟ^安裝在車輪旁

6、的霍爾傳感器檢測到的信號，送到單片機，經處理計算,送給顯示單元的。而由于本次實驗室的局限不能利用霍爾傳感器，所以我們利用按鍵來代替霍爾傳感器，通過按一次鍵代表汽車行駛了1公里，當在行駛過程中通過按鍵來選擇運行狀態(tài)。按鍵電路如圖3.2(c)所示。圖3.2(c) 按鍵電路4 出租車計價器系統(tǒng)的軟件設計4.1系統(tǒng)流程圖出租車計價器系統(tǒng)流程圖如附錄1所示。4.2源程序代碼 根據(jù)設計的要求，在本系統(tǒng)中主要有主程序和延時程序，主程序中包括中斷服務程序和鍵盤顯示子程序、計算子程序等。現(xiàn)在應用更廣泛的是單片機C語言，因其簡單明了，故此次課程設計采用單片機C語言編程。程序源代碼如附錄2所示。4.3程序調試域運行

7、結果在Keil C51 uvision4中對系統(tǒng)建立項目，選定合適的單片機AT89C51，創(chuàng)建一個計價器的新文件，并將上述的源程序進行編輯和選項操作進行編譯，以生成計價器的HEX文件。5 系統(tǒng)仿真及實際調試5.1運行圖示仿真開始后，首先按動初始選擇按鈕， 則可以在運行單價，等待單價，起步價之間切換，每按一次切換一個量，選定后可以按動初始調節(jié)按鈕進行調節(jié)，調節(jié)完成后，按下開始運行按鈕則開始運行，選擇運行模式后開始計費，不同的運行模式會有不同的指示燈亮起，在運行過程中液晶屏會隨時顯示走過的路程和等待的時間，以及總的費用。仿真圖如附錄3所示。5.2仿真問題分析問題需要改進，例如本設計經過多次的調試與

8、改正，最終達到了設計方案中的結果。在仿真試驗中各種設計要求都能夠得到驗證。但由于設計的原因，本系統(tǒng)仍然總在一些自動化程度不夠，運行模式還需要手動選擇。6 總結出租車計費器系統(tǒng)的設計已經全部完成，能利用AT89C51單片機對出租車啟動，停止，暫停等運行狀態(tài)進行選擇和顯示，能將單價和費用適時通過LCD顯示出來。本款出租車計價器包括單價輸出、單價調整、顯示當前的總費用等功能。雖然達到了基本的設計目的，但仍然存在一些問題，策劃的不夠全面，對單片機不夠熟悉，系統(tǒng)編寫不夠簡潔完善，使得計價器計費不夠細致，不夠人性化。經過這次課程設計讓我學會了很多的東西。經過自己努力，基本上完成了設計要求的內容，在系統(tǒng)可行

9、性分析、原理圖設計等方面都作了一些實際工作，同時也遇到了一些問題，存在一些不足。學會了怎么去查找些資料，把所找到的東西與自己的問題所結合起來并給予解決。這次設計使我學會把以前學到的理論知識應用于實踐，使我認識到理論知識與實踐之間有一定的差距，只有通過不斷的努力學習和實踐才能很好的把理論知識應用到實踐當中，也只有通過不斷的實踐才能加深對理論知識的理解。 參考文獻1 王思明，張金敏，張鑫等.單片機原理及應用系統(tǒng)設計.北京：科學出版社,20122 張金敏，董海棠，高博等.單片機原理與應用系統(tǒng)設計.成都：西南交通大學出版社, 20103 李華，王思明，張金敏.單片機原理及應用.蘭州：蘭州大學出版社，2

10、001附錄1附錄2 #include#define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned int /*定義1602讀寫使能端口*/sbit rw=P21;sbit rs=P20;sbit en=P22;sbit b=P07;sbit gl=P10;void lcd_init(); /lcd設置函數(shù)void wr_com(uchar command); /命令函數(shù)void wr_data(uchar data0); /數(shù)據(jù)函數(shù)void lcd_clear(); /清屏函數(shù)void lcd_set(); /屏幕設置函數(shù)void busy(); /測忙函數(shù)

11、void display(); /啟動前顯示函數(shù)void printstring(uchar *s);void display1(); /啟動后顯示函數(shù)void key1();/啟動前按鍵sbit K=P30;sbit K1=P31;sbit K2=P35; /開始計價sbit K3=P33; /模式選擇（行程/等待）sbit K4=P34;/復位sbit g=P27; sbit aa=P23; /運行sbit bb=P24; /等待sbit cc=P25; /暫停/sbit led_run=P30;/sbit led_await=P31;/sbit led_stop=P32;bit f_st

12、art;bit jump_in;bit jump_out;void key(); /啟動后按鍵/*定義液晶顯示地址數(shù)組*/uchar code table=0x30,0x31,0x32,0x33,0x34,0x35,0x36,0x37,0x38,0x39,0x70;uchar dispbuf=0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;uchar dispbuf1=0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;uchar v,v1; uchar i,m=0;void init();void chuli();void chuli1();void delay(ucha

13、r t); /延時函數(shù)void clear(); /終止函數(shù)void set(uchar x);void set1(uchar y); uchar command;uchar count,count1;uchar second,minite,second1,minite1;unsigned int tt,tt1;unsigned char value1=70,value2=17,value3=15; /value1=起步價,value2=超出每公里價格,value3=等待價格unsigned int money; void main()/ Init_Timer1();/定時器中斷函數(shù) EX0=

14、1;/開外部中斷0 IT0=1;/采用跳變沿觸發(fā)方式 init(); lcd_init(); while(1) key1();chuli(); display(); if(jump_in=1) jump_in=0; lcd_init(); while(1) key(); chuli1(); display1(); if(jump_out=1) lcd_init(); jump_out=0; clear(); break; void clear() TR0=0; TR1=0; money=0; second=0; second1=0; minite=0; minite1=0; value1=70

15、; value2=17; value3=15; / led_run=1; /led_await=1; / led_stop=1; v=0; v1=0; for(i=0;i15;i+) dispbufi=0; dispbuf1i=0; m=0;void init()/中斷定時 TMOD=0x11; TH0=(65536-50000)/256; TL0=(65536-50000)%256; TH1=(65536-50000)/256; TL1=(65536-50000)%256; ET0=1; ET1=1; EA=1; TR0=0; TR1=0;void t0_(void) interrupt 1

16、 using 0 /中斷1模式0 用來計時 秒、分 count+; if(count=20) count=0; second+; if(second=60) second=0;minite+;if(minite=99) minite=0; TH0=(65536-50000)/256; TL0=(65536-50000)%256; dispbuf10=m/10; dispbuf11=m%10; dispbuf12=second/10; dispbuf13=second%10;void t1_(void) interrupt 3 using 3 /中斷3模式3用來計時 秒、分 count1+; i

17、f(count1=20) count1=0; second1+; if(second1=60) second1=0;minite1+;if(minite1=99) minite1=0; TH1=(65536-50000)/256; TL1=(65536-50000)%256; dispbuf14=minite1/10; dispbuf15=minite1%10; dispbuf16=second1/10; dispbuf17=second1%10; void lcd_init() wr_com(0x3c); wr_com(0x06); wr_com(0x0c); wr_com(0x01);vo

18、id wr_com(uchar command) /命令 busy(); rs=0; rw=0; P0=command; en=1; en=0;void wr_data(uchar data0) /數(shù)據(jù) busy(); rs=1; rw=0; P0=data0; en=1; en=0;void busy() /測忙函數(shù) while(1) en=0; rs=0; rw=1; P0=0xff; en=1; if(b!=1)break; en=0;void chuli() /分離出百位十位個位 dispbuf0=value1/100%10; dispbuf1=value1/10%10; dispbu

19、f2=value1%10; dispbuf3=value2/100%10; dispbuf4=value2/10%10; dispbuf5=value2%10; dispbuf6=value3/100%10; dispbuf7=value3/10%10; dispbuf8=value3%10;void display() /初始顯示函數(shù) set(0); printstring(step :); wr_data(tabledispbuf0); wr_data(tabledispbuf1); printstring(.); wr_data(tabledispbuf2); set(16); prin

20、tstring(mileage :); wr_data(tabledispbuf3); wr_data(tabledispbuf4); printstring(.); wr_data(tabledispbuf5); set1(0); printstring(await :); wr_data(tabledispbuf6); wr_data(tabledispbuf7); printstring(.); wr_data(tabledispbuf8); set1(16); printstring(run : ); wr_data(tabledispbuf10); wr_data(tabledisp

21、buf11); printstring(:); wr_data(tabledispbuf12); wr_data(tabledispbuf13);void chuli1() if(f_start=1) tt=minite*60+second; tt1=minite1; if(m3) money=value1+value2*(m-3)+value3*tt1; else if(f_start=0) money=0; dispbuf18=money/100%10; dispbuf19=money/10%10; dispbuf110=money%10;void display1() /運行后顯示函數(shù)

22、set(0); printstring(run: );/ wr_data(tablem);wr_data(tabledispbuf10);wr_data(tabledispbuf11);/ printstring(:);/ wr_data(tabledispbuf12);/ wr_data(tabledispbuf13); set(14); printstring(await:); wr_data(tabledispbuf14); wr_data(tabledispbuf15); printstring(:); wr_data(tabledispbuf16); wr_data(tabledis

23、pbuf17); set1(0); printstring(sum is: ); wr_data(tabledispbuf18); wr_data(tabledispbuf19); printstring(.); wr_data(tabledispbuf110);void printstring(uchar *s) /輸出顯示函數(shù) while(*s) wr_data(*s+); void key() /啟動按鍵 if(K3=0) delay(50); /延時消抖動if(K3=0) while(K3=0); v1+; if(v1=4) v1=1; switch(v1) case 1:f_star

24、t=1;TR0=1;TR1=0;/*led_run=0;led_await=1;led_stop=1*/;aa=0;bb=1;cc=1;break; /運行case 2:TR0=0;TR1=1;/*led_run=1;led_await=0;led_stop=1*/;aa=1;bb=0;cc=1;break; /等待case 3:TR0=0;TR1=0;/*led_run=1;led_await=1;led_stop=0*/;aa=1;bb=1;cc=0;break;/暫停 if(K4=0) /跳出運行 delay(50); if(K4=0) while(K4=0); jump_out=1;

25、void delay(uchar t) while(-t);void set(uchar x) command=0x80+x; wr_com(command);void set1(uchar y) command=0xc0+y; wr_com(command);void key1() /初始調節(jié)按鍵 if(K=0) delay(100); if(K=0) while(K=0); v+; if(v=4) v=0; switch(v) case0:break; case 1:if(K1=0)while(K1=0);value1=value1+10;break; case2:if(K1=0)whil

26、e(K1=0);value2=value2+5;break; case 3:if(K1=0)while(K1=0);value3=value3+5;break; if(K2=0) delay(50); if(K2=0) while(K2=0); jump_in=1; void mode( ) interrupt 0 /外部中斷0控制選位 m+;附錄3 ag an employment tribunal clai Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to

27、make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. Employment

28、 tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should ge

29、t help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win yo

30、ur case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is receive

31、d after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is

32、known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find y

33、our nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the F

34、ootball Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his

35、experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disapp

36、ointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself

37、 the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣

38、子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏。總覺得自己似乎應該去做點什么，或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, w

39、ill be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school,

40、think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himse

41、lf has already cant remember his appearance.童年時，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進，會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學錄的時候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點，但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經想不起他的容顏。Originally, this world, can produ

42、ce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個世界上，對某個事件能產生化學反應的，除了非做不可的堅決，還有，時間。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more oft

43、en is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什

44、么可以撼動自己。也曾經好像已經下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯過，好像冥冥之中真的已經注定。那些曾經所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; Fr

45、om the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將

46、在我們的人生中謝幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through

47、the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he

48、 crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt

49、exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活發(fā)生不幸時，我們常常會關上心門；世界不僅沒能慰藉我們，反倒使我們更加消沉。我們假裝一切仿佛都不曾發(fā)生，以此試圖忘卻傷痛，可就算隱藏得再好，最終也還是騙不了自己。既然如此，何不嘗試打開心門，擁抱生活中的各種可能，讓世界感化我們呢？When

50、ever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.當恐懼與焦慮來襲時，我們應該退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六個方法有助于你更完滿透徹地敞開心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in y

51、our life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, inst

52、ead of something that passes through us.當生活中出現(xiàn)痛苦的事情時，別再逃跑或隱藏痛苦，試著擁抱它吧；當悲傷來襲時，試著深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我們一味逃避生活中的悲傷，悲傷只會變得更強烈更真實悲傷原本只是稍縱即逝的情緒，我們卻固執(zhí)地耿耿于懷By utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能減緩我們的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滯；呼出呼吸，更多新奇與經歷又將拉開序幕。2. Embrace the uncomfortable We all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning in