全國高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試語法與結(jié)構(gòu)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上全國高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試語法與結(jié)構(gòu)教程詞類、句子成分與基本句型掌握五種基本句型是學(xué)習(xí)英語語法最根本的要求。在詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)題答題中，正確判斷所填單詞的詞性是關(guān)鍵，要具備這樣的能力，首先必須判斷句中所缺部分的成分，因為不同詞性的詞擔(dān)任的句子成分是不同的。平時還應(yīng)注意積累并掌握單詞前綴及后綴的變化等構(gòu)詞法方面的知識。1. 詞類詞匯在語言學(xué)習(xí)中占十分重要的地位。英語的詞按照詞義、詞形特征和句法功能，通常分為十類：詞類：名詞 詞類：代詞英語名稱 (縮寫): Noun (n.) 英語名稱 (縮寫): Pronun (pron.)作用: 表示名詞、數(shù)詞等 作用: 代替名詞、數(shù)詞等詞

2、類：數(shù)詞詞類： 冠詞英語名稱 (縮寫): Numeral (num.) 英語名稱 (縮寫): Article (art.)作用: 表示數(shù)目或順序 作用: 限定名詞、詞類：動詞 詞類：形容詞英語名稱 (縮寫): Verb (v.) 英語名稱 (縮寫): Adjective (a., adj.)作用: 表示動作或狀態(tài) 作用: 表示人或事物的特征詞類：副詞 詞類：介詞英語名稱 (縮寫): Adverb 英語名稱 (縮寫): Preposition (prep.)作用: 表示動作或性狀的特征 作用: 用在名詞或代詞等之前，說明它與別的詞之間的關(guān)系詞類：連詞 詞類：感嘆詞英語名稱 (縮寫): Conju

3、nction (conj.) 英語名稱 (縮寫): Interjection (int.)作用: 用來連接詞、短語或句子 作用: 表示說話時的感情或口氣在詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)題答題中，正確判斷所填單詞的詞性是關(guān)鍵，要具備這樣的能力，首先必須判斷句中所缺部分的成分，因為不同詞性的詞所擔(dān)任的句子成分是不同的。平時還應(yīng)注意積累并掌握前、后綴變化等構(gòu)詞法方面的知識 (詳情可參考譯林出版社出版的高等學(xué)校通用英語詞匯學(xué)習(xí)手冊一書)。1.1. 名詞在句中主要擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語、賓補、介詞賓語和同位語等成分。Libraries form an important part of education. (主語、賓語、介詞

4、賓語)The parents named their baby John. (主語、賓語、賓補)Football, my favorite hobby, is a hard game. (主語、同位語、表語)名詞可在其后加上“'S”，或在“of”后面以介詞的賓語形式表示屬格。We are going to visit Tom and Mary's new house. (“'S”屬格表示共有所屬關(guān)系)The doctor checked both Li Lei's and his brother's hearts. (“'S”屬格表示各自所屬關(guān)系

5、)The flowers were sent by a friend of my mother's. (雙重屬格)1.2 代詞代詞在英語中的句法功能與名詞基本相同。如：This is your bike and that is mine. (this 和 that，主語；your，定語；mine，表語)I have something to tell you. (I，主語；something，動詞賓語；you，不定式賓語)The doctor himself treated the boy. (himself，同位語)Professor Wang has great concern f

6、or us. (us，介詞賓語)1.3. 形容詞在句中可作定語修飾名詞或代詞，還可作表語或補語。He was a very practical man. (定語)He was practical. (表語)They consider him practical. (賓補)有些形容詞前面加上定冠詞 the，起名詞作用，表示某一類人或物。如：The young are quick in learning how to operate computers.1.4. 副詞在句中主要作狀語，可修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語和句子。 Franklin is most famous today for h

7、is inventions. (修飾形容詞 famous)Tom worked very hard last term. (very 修飾副詞 hard, hard 修飾動詞 worked)Soon after graduation, he went to the South. (修飾介詞短語)Surely, they will win the game. (修飾句子)1.5. 動詞在句中作謂語，是句子的核心。根據(jù)五種基本句型動詞的連接方式，動詞可分為連系動詞和實義動詞。實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。1.5.1. 系動詞常見的連系動詞有：be, appear, get, seem, b

8、ecome, look, sound, remain, taste, smell 等。After long hours of journey, he looked very tired. (SVCs)1.5.2. 實義動詞1) 及物動詞People discovered that dried food kept longer. (SVO)His parents told him to do the washing. (SVOC)He showed us how well his grandson could draw. (SVOiOd)2) 不及物動詞The cotton in the fie

9、ld grows quite well. (SV)5.3. 短語動詞動詞可加介詞、副詞或其他詞構(gòu)成短語動詞，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個實義動詞。1. 動詞 + 介詞：believe in, amount to, care for, listen to, wait for等。2. 動詞 + 副詞：bring up, find out, give up, point out, take off, break down, come to, give in, grow up等。3. 動詞 + 其他詞：catch up with, date back to, catch sight of, make fun o

10、f, take part in等。1.6 連詞連詞的作用是連接詞、短語或句子。連詞有兩大類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞連接兩個相同的句子成分，從屬連詞連接主句和從句。John and his brother both enjoy football. (and 連接兩個做主語的名詞)The sofa is old, but comfortable. (but 連接兩個做表語的形容詞)Get up, or you will be late. (or 連接兩個并列句)He came here neither to help me nor to ask me for help. (關(guān)聯(lián)連詞 neit

11、her.nor 連接兩個不定式短語)I wonder whether he can come on time. (從屬連詞 whether 連接主句和賓語從句) 2. 句子成分英語句子成分主要有六種：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語，其中最主要的是主語和謂語。2.1 主語和謂語主語和謂語是構(gòu)成句子所不可缺少的兩個最重要的成分。主語表明句子要說明的對象，一般由名詞、代詞或其他可以起名詞作用的詞類、短語或句子擔(dān)任。謂語說明主語的情況（動作或狀態(tài)），主要由動詞或動詞短語擔(dān)任。His father works in a big factory. (名詞 father 擔(dān)任主語，動詞 wor

12、ds 擔(dān)任謂語。)He is our new teacher. (代詞 He 擔(dān)任主語，系動詞 is 和名詞 teacher 共同構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。)2.2 表語和賓語放在系動詞之后，表達主語的身份、特征或狀態(tài)等的名詞、代詞、形容詞及其他類似的結(jié)構(gòu)稱為表語。表語和系動詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。表語又稱為主語補足語。Einstein is a famous scientist. (名詞充當(dāng)表語)His car is new. (形容詞充當(dāng)表語)My father is not in. (副詞充當(dāng)表語)Wang Ming is in the classroom. (介詞短語充當(dāng)表語)放在及物動詞之后，表示行

13、為對象或結(jié)果的名詞、代詞及其他類似的結(jié)構(gòu)稱為賓語。根據(jù)不同動詞的需要，賓語還可有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）和復(fù)合賓語（賓語和賓語補足語）的形式。另外，在介詞后面與之構(gòu)成介詞短語的稱為介詞的賓語。He loves his mother. (動詞賓語)My father bought me a new bike. (雙賓語)The news made her heart-broken. (復(fù)合賓語)They died for their motherland. (介詞賓語)表語和賓語（包括雙賓語和復(fù)合賓語）都是英語基本句型所不可缺少的成分。2.3 定語和狀語定語和狀語對于句子就像服飾對于人體一樣

14、，是修飾成分，它們不是英語基本句型中必不可少的成分。定語和狀語的主要區(qū)別在于它們所修飾的對象不同。定語由形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類、短語或從句擔(dān)任，修飾或限定句中的名詞或代詞。 He bought a new house with a beautiful garden. (new, beautiful 分別修飾 house 和 garden。介詞短語 with a beautiful garden 修飾 house。)I have nothing to say. (不定式 to say 修飾代詞 nothing。)狀語由副詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類、短語或從句擔(dān)任，修飾句中的動詞、形容詞、副詞或整

15、個句子。He studies extremely hard. (extremely 修飾副詞 hard，extremely hard 修飾動詞 studies。)Her mother is very enthusiastic. (修飾形容詞)He is lucky indeed. (修飾整個句子)3. 基本句型英語的基本句型主要有五種，分別涉及主語、謂語、表語、賓語、補語等句子成分，定語和狀語為非必要成分。在理解、翻譯句子時，認真分析句子的基本句型，弄清其主要成分，對提高正確率是十分有益的。Pattern 1:S + V (主 + 動詞)Pattern 2:S + V + Cs (主 + 系動

16、詞 + 表，或：主 + 動 + 主補)Pattern 3:S + V + O (主 + 動詞 + 賓語)Pattern 4:S + V + Oi + 0d (主 + 動詞 + 間賓 + 直賓)Pattern 5:S + V + 0d + Co (主 + 動詞 + 直賓 + 賓補)He runs very fast. (SV)His sister is a nurse. (SVCs)He often has his lunch at school. (SVO)Mary's mother made her a new skirt. (SVOiOd)We made him our monit

17、or. (SVOCo)形容詞和副詞 形容詞和副詞及其原級、比較級和最高級在使用時應(yīng)注意下列問題。1) 前綴 a-構(gòu)成的形容詞稱為表語或補語形容詞，在句中作表語或補語。如：Is he still alive? (表語)He was buried alive. (主語補足語)如果這類形容詞作定語，需放在所修飾詞后面。如：The passengers alive felt very lucky.2) 形容詞作主語補足語和賓語補足語的情況應(yīng)區(qū)別于副詞作狀語修飾動詞的情況。如：“How about him?”“He came home safe.” (safe 作 he 的補語，此時不用 sa

18、fely; safely 作狀語，修飾謂語動詞)比較：The ship came safely into the harbour.All men are created equal. (而不是 equally)比較：The money was divided equally among them.3) 形容詞及形容詞短語做后置定語時，其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如：Is there anything (that is) interesting?An artist is a person (who is) sensitive to beauty.It is a problem (which is)

19、 difficult to solve.Lincoln is a person (who is) as famous as George Washington.He can lift a box (which is) heavier than this one.4) 形容詞短語做狀語，其作用相當(dāng)一個“being + 形容詞”的分詞短語做狀語。Aware that a storm was coming, we drove the horses into the stable.5) 區(qū)分“too + adj. + to V”和“adj. + enough + to V”兩種結(jié)構(gòu)“too + adj

20、. + to V”通常表否定意義，意為“太以致于不能”。當(dāng)此結(jié)構(gòu)之前出現(xiàn)否定詞時，表肯定意義。如：He is too young to go to school.One is never too old to learn.“adj. + enough + to V”通常表肯定意義，意為“足夠以致于能”。當(dāng)此結(jié)構(gòu)之前出現(xiàn)否定詞時，表否定意義。如：He is old enough to go to school.He is not old enough to go to school.當(dāng)“too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)前有 only, all, but 等詞時無否定意義。如：He is only too gl

21、ad to help us.6) 由分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的形容詞、形容詞 + ly 構(gòu)成的副詞需加 more 和 most 構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。如：more relaxed / boring, most relaxed / boring; more friendly / lovely, most friendly / lovely 等。7) 使用比較級時，要注意比較級的邏輯性，即比較對象的對等性。不同類的事物不能構(gòu)成比較。如：The Korean climate is more pleasant than that of Japan. (比較對象：climate)The photographs of M

22、ars taken from satellite are clearer than those taken from the Earth. (比較對象：photographs)Night falls faster in the tropics than in other latitudes. (狀語比較)8) 區(qū)分易混淆的一些比較結(jié)構(gòu)的意義及用法。如： “more.than.”作“與其說不如說”解時不同于其比較級用法。試比較：She is more lovely than any other girl. 她比任何一個女孩子都可愛。 (此句 more lovely 為比較級)She is mor

23、e lovely than beautiful. 與其說她漂亮，不如說她可愛。 (此句 lovely 為原級) not 與比較級連用屬普通比較結(jié)構(gòu)。如：This problem is not more complicated than that one. (not more = less) no 與比較級連用含有形容詞或副詞的相反意義。如：This problem is no more complicated than that one. (no more complicated = as easy as)如此句中 more 改為 less，則 no less complicated than

24、 = as complicated as。9) 區(qū)分一些常用的、形式上和意義上相近的形容詞和副詞。如：economic, economical; sleepy, asleep; late, lately 等。10) 注意 superior, inferior 等原級形容詞表示比較級意義以及原級形容詞 perfect 表示最高級意義的用法。非謂語動詞 1. 不定式不定式在句中可擔(dān)任除謂語以外的所有成分，即主語、賓語、賓補、表語、定語和狀語。1) 作主語如果作主語的不定式較長而謂語較短時，常用 it 作形式主語。To finish the work within three days i

25、s impossible.It is impossible to finish the work within three days.2) 作賓語和賓補We have decided to leave next week.She called me to go back home at once. 有些動詞只能以不定式作賓語，主要有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage,

26、mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer, want, wish 等。I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car. 不定式作賓語其后又接賓補時，常用 it 作形式賓語，而將不定式放到賓補后面。I found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 不帶 to 的不定式：在 let, make, have, see, hear, listen to, look at, feel

27、, observe, watch, notice 等動詞后，作賓補的不定式不帶 to。但是，在被動語態(tài)中，不定式要帶 to (此時不定式作主補)。He made his son read the text loudly.His son was made to read the text loudly. 2. 動名詞動名詞主要起名詞作用，可在句中作主語、賓語和表語，也可作介詞賓語。1) 作主語在“It is no use (good) doing.”句型中，常用 it 作形式主語，而將作主語用的動名詞短語放在后面。It is no good leaving today's wo

28、rk for tomorrow.2) 作賓語 有些動詞只能以動名詞作賓語，常見的有：admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, endure, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, require, risk, stop, suggest 等。The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item as a gift. 有些動詞短語也要求動名詞作賓語，常見的有：can't help, feel like

29、, give up, keep on, object to, put off 等。I couldn't help wondering what this was all about.3) 動名詞的邏輯主語動名詞的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。動名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致時，應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，其形式是：人稱代詞或名詞的所有格 + 動名詞。He was annoyed at my interrupting him.Mary's saying this made him angry.4) 動名詞的完成形式和被動形式 動名詞的完成形式：having + 過去分詞，表示動名詞的動作發(fā)生

30、在謂語動作之前。He regretted not having taken the doctor's advice. 動名詞的被動形式：being + 過去分詞，表示動名詞的動作與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系是被動的。They were afraid of being rejected because of their condition.5) 動名詞與不定式作賓語的區(qū)別有些動詞既可以動名詞又可以不定式作賓語，且意思差別不大，但有些動詞以動名詞或不定式作賓語時，意思有較大差別。如： remember to do 記得要做（某事）remember doing 記得曾做過（某事） forget to

31、do 忘記要做（某事）forget doing 忘記曾做過（某事） go on to do （做完某事后）繼續(xù)做（另一事）go on doing 繼續(xù)做（某事） regret to do 對要做（某事）感到遺憾regret doing 對已做過（某事）感到后悔 need to do 需要做（某事）need doing 需要（被動） 3. 分詞分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進行的意義；過去分詞表示被動、完成的意義。如：boiling water (water which is boiling)，沸水；boiled water (water which has been

32、 boiled)，開水。分詞主要起形容詞和副詞作用，在句中作表語、定語、賓補（主補）和狀語等。1) 作定語分詞作定語時與被修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂意義。分詞短語作定語時，置于被修飾的詞之后。Most of the computers are small machines sitting on (= which sit on) the desks.There are all sorts of computers connected to (= which are connected to) the Internet.2) 作賓補（主補）賓語與賓補有邏輯上的主謂意義。常以分詞作賓補的動詞有：catc

33、h, have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set 等。The policeman caught the young man stealing from the shop.Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of the public to use.3) 作狀語 分詞表示的動作是主語動作的一部分，兩者存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。分詞（短語）作狀語表示時間、原因

34、、條件、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果等。Looking up to that red flag with stars, I felt that all the blood rushed to my head. 分詞作時間狀語時，相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句，若強調(diào)分詞動作和謂語動作同時發(fā)生，可在分詞前加 when 或 while。She stared at him, not knowing what to say.Compared with others, it is quite cheap.When looking back, he saw a car crashing into the wall. 分

35、詞帶有自己的主語作狀語時，稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：名詞 (代詞) + 現(xiàn)在 (過去) 分詞，該結(jié)構(gòu)前有時也可加 with。Weather permitting, we will go sightseeing tomorrow.With a river running through it, a city looks more beautiful4) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式：having + 過去分詞，表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。Having been there many times, she is quite familiar with the city

36、. 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式：being + 過去分詞，表示分詞的動作正在發(fā)生，或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，但與主語的關(guān)系是被動的，作狀語時相當(dāng)于過去分詞。The person being interviewed is my former classmate.(Being) bothered by the noise, he could not concentrate himself on his work. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動形式：having + been + 過去分詞。Having been rebuilt, the palace looks more splendid.從句 1. 主語從

37、句1) 主語從句可直接位于主語的位置，如果從句較長，謂語又較短，可用 it 作形式主語，而將從句放在句末。常見的句型有： It is a fact / a pity / a question / good news that. It seems / appears / happened / has turned out that. It is clear / important / likely / possible that. It is said / reported / estimated / has been proved that.It is said that comic book

38、s create a connection between people of the same generation.It seems that the performance is very successful.2) what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“的東西”時，一般不用 it 作形式主語。What we lack is experience.3) what, who, when, why, whether 等詞含有各自的疑問意義，但它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句（包括其他從句），都用陳述語序。How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed a

39、gain.I did know why I felt like crying.2. 賓語從句1) 賓語從句可位于及物動詞、介詞和某些形容詞后。連詞 that ?？墒÷?。介詞后一般接疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 in that (因為)，except that (除了), but that (只是) 已構(gòu)成固定搭配，其他介詞后一般不接 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。I promised (that) I would change the situation.All this is different from what American young people would say about frien

40、dship.He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.The article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.2) 賓語從句后如有賓補，要用形式賓語 it 來代替，而把賓語從句移至賓補之后。He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.3) 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等動詞后的賓語從句中，如果謂語是否定的，一般將否定詞移至主

41、句謂語上，賓語從句則變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问?。He didn't think that the money was well spent.3. 表語從句表語從句出現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語 + 系動詞 + 表語從句”的句子中。表語從句除可由 that, what, when, why, whether, how 等引導(dǎo)外，還可由 as if (though), because 等引導(dǎo)。 that ?？墒÷?。如主句主語為 reason，只能用 that 引導(dǎo)表語從句，不可用 because。Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there i

42、s no one common type of life in America.The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.4. 同位語從句同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進一步說明，一般用連詞 that 引導(dǎo)，由于先行名詞的意義不同，也可用 whether, who, when, wher

43、e, what, why, how 等引導(dǎo)。常見的先行名詞有 fact, idea, belief, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, order, problem, report, decision 等。有時由于謂語較短，將同位語從句置于謂語之后。She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their

44、team had won the championship. 5. 定語從句定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位于先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。5.1. 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句修飾先行詞，對先行詞起限制作用，緊接先行詞之后，無逗號，若省去，原句意思不完整。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。 who, whom, whose 用于指人，whose 有時也可指物，相當(dāng)于 of which; which 用于指物；that 既可指人，也可指物，但只用于限制性定語從句中。關(guān)系代詞除了引導(dǎo)

45、定語從句，替代先行詞外，還在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語等。The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.1) 當(dāng)先行詞是 all, anythi

46、ng, everything, something, nothing 等不定代詞，或先行詞前有 first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only 以及形容詞最高級修飾時，只能用關(guān)系代詞 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句。That is all that I have heard from him.He is the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.2) 關(guān)系代詞的省略：在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞?？墒÷?。關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞，作介詞賓語時不可用 that，只可用 which 或 who

47、m 引導(dǎo)從句，并且不可省略，但當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句句末時，作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞仍可用 that，也可省略。This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (which / that) we have to put up with.3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有 when, where, why 等。關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語，意義上相當(dāng)于一個“介詞 + which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。Even in comic books where (= in which) there are no w

48、ords, the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why (= for which) he was so angry that day. 5.2. 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞，也可修飾整個主句，起補充說明作用，與主句之間有逗號隔開，若省去，原句意思不受影響。不可用 that 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.

49、5.3. “介詞 + which / whom / whose”引導(dǎo)的定語從句“介詞 + which / whom / whose”可引導(dǎo)限制性的定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配，或先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.5.4. as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，代替先行詞是人

50、或物的名詞。as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，代替整個主句，從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved. (as 代替先行詞 problems)As is mentioned above, no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet. (as 代替主語)6. 狀語從句6.1. 時間狀語從句引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有：1) when, whenever, while, as, after, before, s

51、ince, till, until, once 等。We have learned quite a lot about it since we came here.2) as soon as, hardly (scarcely).when, no sooner.than, each (every) time, the moment, immediately (that) 等。As soon as I sent an e-mail message, I received positive responses.The moment he heard the good news, he jumped

52、 with joy.6.2. 地點狀語從句引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是：where, wherever。Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.6.3. 原因、結(jié)果和目的狀語從句1) 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有 because, as, since, now (that), seeing that, considering that, in that 等。Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.2) 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有 so.th

53、at, such.that, so that, that, so 等。Micky Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.3) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有 so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 等，從句常使用 may, might, can, could, would 等情態(tài)動詞。We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station. 6

54、.4. 條件和讓步狀語從句1) 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組有 if, unless, as (so) long as, on condition that, in case, provided / providing (that), supposing 等。As long as you have the right equipment, you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.2) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組有 though, although, whether, even though, even if, no mat

55、ter what (when, how.), whatever (whenever, however.) 等。though, even if 等引導(dǎo)狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成含有 as 的部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，具有強調(diào)意義。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞 (副詞，動詞，名詞) + as + 主語 + 謂語”。No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind.Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work. (= though he is young)Child as he is, he can speak E

56、nglish fluently. (= though he is a child)6.5. 方式狀語從句引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的連詞有 as, just as, as if, as though 等。 as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反。The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened. 虛擬語氣 1. 用于 If 引出的條件句中虛擬語氣用于 if 引出的與現(xiàn)在、過去及將來事實相反的條件句中。1) 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)從句的謂語動詞用過去式，系動詞用 were，主句的謂語用“should (would, could, might) + 動詞原形”。If he were here, he would be greatly surprised.The spaceship would burn up if it