第一章--NP和VP的結(jié)構(gòu)簡述

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一章 NP和VP的結(jié)構(gòu)簡述1.1 句的靜態(tài)構(gòu)件 前文已提出，任何現(xiàn)代英語簡單句的靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)均如下圖所示： S NP VP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)PronC (Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)A Diagram (2)圖中符號(hào)表示的分句構(gòu)件：S = 簡單句 Simple sentenceNP = 名詞短語 Noun phraseVP = 動(dòng)詞短語 Verb phraseDet = 限定詞 DeterminerM = 修飾語 ModifierHead = 短語中心詞NPa = 同位語 AppositivePron = 代詞 Pro

2、nounC = 分句 ClauseAux = 助動(dòng)詞 AuxiliaryNPi = 間接賓語 Indirect objectNPd = 直接賓語 Direct objectC = 補(bǔ)語 ComplementA = 狀語 Adverbial （構(gòu)成基本句型成分）A = 狀語 Adverbial （非基本句型成分）( ) = 可能發(fā)生或謂語動(dòng)詞后可構(gòu)成句型的選項(xiàng) = 名詞短語的實(shí)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)1.2 NP 的結(jié)構(gòu)成分簡述及所在章節(jié)提示NP Det (M) Head (M) (NPa) PronC Diagram (3)圖(3)表示凡名詞短語就有也只有三種實(shí)現(xiàn)：NP = Det (M) Head (M) (

3、NPa)= Pron= C 1.2.1 名詞短語的第一實(shí)現(xiàn)：NP = Det (M) Head (M) (NPa)1.2.1a Det這一實(shí)現(xiàn)是最常見的名詞短語，此時(shí)限定詞Det是不可或缺的短語構(gòu)件： a girl one room my family this question Toms problem no city etc.限定詞的成員主要源于傳統(tǒng)詞類中的冠詞、部分代詞、數(shù)詞、量詞和名詞屬格。限定詞的語法屬性，限定詞與名詞中心詞搭配情形以及限定詞自身的相互關(guān)系共同構(gòu)成第二章的語法內(nèi)容；核心限定詞冠詞的討論見第三章。1.2.1b (M)名詞短語中心詞的修飾語(M)分別位于名詞中心詞前后，又

4、有前位修飾語和后位修飾語之稱。修飾語理論上無限：delicate expensive upstairs well-colored in my room a small table with a single leground I bought yesterdayoak that is really admirableFrench-style 不同于限定詞，修飾語的出現(xiàn)與否和多寡無礙短語的句法地位：a table是完美無缺的名詞短語，然而人們不能接受delicate well-colored small oak table that is really admirable這樣沒有限定詞的情形！第

5、五章對(duì)修飾語進(jìn)行大致分析，第十三章及第十九章也會(huì)繼續(xù)這一話題。1.2.1c Head名詞短語中心詞Head為名詞。現(xiàn)代英語留存著屈折詞素-s和-s，因此可確認(rèn)的名詞語法范疇有二：數(shù)the Number和格the Case；人們大都不贊同性the Gender作為名詞范疇的說法，但我們?nèi)詴?huì)對(duì)其語法特征和相關(guān)語用表示關(guān)注。數(shù)的系統(tǒng)語法知識(shí)圍繞可變名詞和不可變名詞展開，內(nèi)容依序包括：規(guī)則可變，不規(guī)則本族語，外來語；單數(shù)不變名詞，復(fù)數(shù)不變名詞和單復(fù)數(shù)均可的不變名詞。格的系統(tǒng)語法知識(shí)表現(xiàn)于屬格Genitive case的形態(tài)：-s屬格，of- 屬格，雙重屬格Double genitive和獨(dú)立屬格Ind

6、ependent genitive；屬格所表達(dá)短語成分間的各種意義關(guān)系：所屬，類別，描寫，出處，主謂，動(dòng)賓，同位等?，F(xiàn)代英語中還有些許標(biāo)識(shí)性的屈折詞素如-ess但只是局部現(xiàn)象而無規(guī)律意義。不過由于代詞的緣故，英語名詞能分為五類：陽性如father，陰性如queen，中性如house，雙性如teacher以及通性如baby。各范疇的具體內(nèi)容見第四章。1.2.1d(NPa)同位語(NPa)和修飾語一樣，是名詞短語可能發(fā)生的構(gòu)件。同位語亦為名詞短語或名詞性分句： My friend Anna was here last night. (NPa) Mr. Parsons, the president

7、of the company, gave a press conference after (NPa)the board meeting.The pretty girl, a girl so dear to him that hes sworn never to depart (NPa)from, is none other than Mr. Browns daughter.The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl. （NPa） The explanation that he could not be seen by an

8、ybody was disappointing. （NPa） 同位語的討論見第二十二章1.2.2 名詞短語的第二實(shí)現(xiàn)：Pron 代詞Pron為名詞短語的第二實(shí)現(xiàn)：They say there is going to be a storm.NPSure enough, Ill inform him about it. NP NP NP英語有八類代詞：人稱代詞Personal Pronoun，物主代詞Possessive Pronoun，指示代詞Demonstrative Pronoun，疑問代詞Interrogative Pronoun， 不定代詞Indefinite Pronoun， 相互代詞

9、Reciprocal Pronoun，反身代詞Reflexive Pronoun和關(guān)系代詞Relative Pronoun。代詞的主要內(nèi)容將在第五章討論。1.2.3 名詞短語的第三實(shí)現(xiàn)：C 分句C為名詞短語的第三實(shí)現(xiàn)：That he will never admit it leaves no room for doubt. NP It remains to be known when he will pay us a visit. NP This is what she has described. NP To live or not to live is a question. NP NP

10、Taking notes while reading is a good habit. NP NP 分句實(shí)現(xiàn)名詞短語是句法內(nèi)容，第十七章將討論這一實(shí)現(xiàn)的全部情形。1.3VP的結(jié)構(gòu)成分簡述及所在章節(jié)提示VP (Aux) Head (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)ADiagram (4)1.3.1 (Aux)助動(dòng)詞(Aux)屬于功能詞，封閉詞類。無助動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語為簡單動(dòng)詞短語Simple VP，含助動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語為復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞短語Complex VP。助動(dòng)詞大致分為三類：基本助動(dòng)詞Primary auxiliary；半助動(dòng)詞Semi-auxiliary和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞Modal auxiliary?；?/p>

11、助動(dòng)詞do完成否定、疑問、強(qiáng)調(diào)、倒裝和替代的句式轉(zhuǎn)換： He didnt do it. Did he do it? He did do it. So did his brother. Yes, he did.基本助動(dòng)詞have實(shí)現(xiàn)完成體： He has read the article several times.基本助動(dòng)詞be實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行體和被動(dòng)態(tài)： He is sleeping this moment. He was questioned about the matter.半助動(dòng)詞get等實(shí)現(xiàn)被動(dòng)態(tài)或表達(dá)情態(tài)： He got beaten. He seems to be sorrowful.

12、He happened to be present at the meeting.半助動(dòng)詞由于助動(dòng)功能殘缺而得名： He didnt get beaten. *He got not beaten. Did he get beaten. *Got he beaten?助動(dòng)詞的合作依序?yàn)椤扒閼B(tài)完成被動(dòng)進(jìn)行”： He may have been being questioned. 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)代英語語法重大難點(diǎn)之一，第十章將專章討論。1.3.2Head1.3.2a動(dòng)詞短語中心詞Head為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，屬開放詞類。動(dòng)詞的語法范疇有四：時(shí)態(tài)the Tense，體the Aspect，語態(tài)the Voice

13、和語氣the Mood。時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)詞和時(shí)間的關(guān)系，英語動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在時(shí)the Present Tense和過去時(shí)the Past Tense兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)；體是表示行為狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞語法范疇，英語由助動(dòng)詞和分詞共同實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行體the Progressive和完成體the Perfective的意義表達(dá)；英語有主動(dòng)語態(tài)the Active Voice與被動(dòng)語態(tài)the Passive Voice之分，指示主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間施動(dòng)或受動(dòng)的關(guān)系，主要語法內(nèi)容包括被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形態(tài)，語境和語態(tài)實(shí)現(xiàn)條件；英語有豐富的語氣表達(dá)方式，也有兩型虛擬動(dòng)詞形式；現(xiàn)代英語只有兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)但具備豐富的將來時(shí)間表達(dá)方式。這一切將依序分別在第六至第

14、九章中討論。1.3.2b從形態(tài)上認(rèn)識(shí)，英語動(dòng)詞分為單詞動(dòng)詞如find，雙詞動(dòng)詞如look for，多詞動(dòng)詞如take care of；規(guī)則動(dòng)詞如work，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞如set。雙詞動(dòng)詞又分介詞動(dòng)詞Prepositional verb如depend on和短語動(dòng)詞Phrasal verb如give up，其區(qū)分意義可見于以下各例的比較：He has given the idea up. *The girl totally depends her grandfather on. He has given it up. The girl depends totally on him. *He has

15、given up it. It is on her grandfather that the girl totally depends. *It is up the idea that he has given. The little girl depends totally on her grandfather, not on her grandmother. *He has given up smoking, not up drinking.1.3.2c從語義上認(rèn)識(shí)，英語動(dòng)詞主要分靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞Stative verb如belong to，動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞Dynamic verb如cry（7.1.3），

16、短暫性動(dòng)詞Momentary verb如hit，持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞Durative verb如stand （7.2.2），感官動(dòng)詞 Perceptive verb 如see, 使役動(dòng)詞Causative verb如 make （18.2,1）。從句法上認(rèn)識(shí)，英語動(dòng)詞分及物動(dòng)詞Transitive verb，如release, 不及物動(dòng)詞Intransitive verb如live和系動(dòng)詞Link verb 如be和反身動(dòng)詞 Reflexive verb如avail（5.23a）。1.3.2d及物動(dòng)詞分單及物Mono-transitive如support, 雙及物Di-transitive如show和復(fù)

17、雜及物Complex-transitive如name三類。它們的句法特征決定 (NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)的選項(xiàng)形成現(xiàn)代英語的全部基本句型：NP+V (intransitive) Someone was laughing.NP+V+NP (mono-transitive)My mother enjoys parties.NP+V+NP+NP (di-transitive) Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk.NP+V+NP+C (complex-transitive) Most people consider these books rather e

18、xpensive.NP+V+(C) (link verb)The country became completely independent.NP+V+(A) (intransitive) She lived next to our house at that time.NP+V+NP+(A)She always treats me kindly. (transitive)1.3.3(NPi)(NPd)(C)(A)A1.3.3a(NPi) 間接賓語間接賓語通常為人稱代詞或名詞，位于直接賓語前和雙及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成V(NPi) (NPd)基本句型；直接賓語是代詞時(shí)，間接賓語在英國英語(BrE)中可見在

19、直接賓語之后： Give it me.間接賓語可轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞短語：She sent me a card. She sent card to me. She left Tom a message. She left a message for Tom.to 和 for 為這種現(xiàn)象最常見的介詞，少數(shù)其它介詞也有此功能： She asked me a favor. She asked a favor of me. I bear him no grudge. I bear no grudge against him. He played me an awful trick. He played an a

20、wful trick on me. 和其它NP不同，(NPi)不可擴(kuò)大為分句。1.3.3b(NPd) 直接賓語 直接賓語和單及物動(dòng)詞，雙及物動(dòng)詞以及復(fù)雜及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成四種基本句型： Bill opened the letter. V(NPd) Ive found you a nice place. V(NPi) (NPd) He pained the wall blue. V(NPd)(C) John put her purse on the TV set. V (NPd) (A)雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)中直接賓語可能由介詞引導(dǎo)： They robbed him of everything. It will c

21、ure you of your disease.直接賓語能和不及物動(dòng)詞合作，稱同源賓語Cognate object： I dreamed a strange dream. Then he smiled the mocking smile she knew so well. The Courtney nodded and smiled a friendly greeting. He thanked God for bringing them together, and asked that they be allowed to live fruitful and useful lives tog

22、ether. Why was she thinking such thoughts? Instead, she said, “Why not?” She smiled an invitation and savored Aristas surprise. Simone chose that time when both mama and her enceinte sister-in-law were sleeping the hottest hour of the day away to explore several rooms that were seldom used. He breat

23、hed a deep breath. The girl died a dreadful death. A: Have you heard hounds baying in the night? B: I think you were dreaming them. (NPd) 的分句擴(kuò)大見第十七章。1.3.3c(C): 補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)語又分主語補(bǔ)語(Cs) 和賓語補(bǔ)語(Co)，分別與系動(dòng)詞和復(fù)雜及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成V(Cs) 和 V (NPd) (Co) 基本句型；補(bǔ)語由形容詞（短語），名詞，副詞（短語），介詞短語和分句實(shí)現(xiàn)： Shes got angry. He got his shoes and socks

24、 wet.Bob is a qualified engineer.I named the dog Tressy. Time is up. The angry audience shouted the speaker down. Mary was in the garden. Finally she talked her husband into buying a new car for her.My idea is that we have to accept his offer. What she enjoys best is reading Hemingways works. His su

25、ggestion is to go swimming this afternoon. We heard water flowing under the ground. We cant let the matter rest here. She had her money stolen.補(bǔ)語的分句擴(kuò)大見第十八章。1.3.3d(A): 構(gòu)成句型的狀語(A) 與不及物動(dòng)詞和復(fù)雜及物動(dòng)詞分別構(gòu)成V(A) 和V(NP)(A) 基本句型,： He lives in Beijing. *He lives. Dont take it too seriously. =/= Dont take it.(A) 常為

26、時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和方式狀語： He lived long ago. She placed the book carefully into the drawer. She treated us like a mother. Tom stood where she was not able to see him.1.3.3eA: 不構(gòu)成句型的狀語 A 由詞，短語和分句實(shí)現(xiàn)，其存在與否不改變句型： It is fine today. It is fine. We went to the station in a great hurry. We went to the station. What would

27、 you do if you were the boy? What would you do?A 在句中的位移性很強(qiáng)： The pupils were behaving well while the teacher was with them, naturally. Naturally, the pupils were behaving well while the teacher was with them. The pupils, naturally, were behaving well while the teacher was with them.A 的句法功能和語義分類以及分句擴(kuò)大

28、詳見第十一，第十二章和第二十三章。 Exercises:1. Write seven sentences of your own to show you are familiar with the seven sentence patterns（寫出各句型的句子）.2. Are the following two sentences of the same sentence pattern? Come up with your reasoning（以下二句句型是否同一？為什么？）Bill will make Mary a good wife.Bill will make Mary a good

29、 husband.3. Do you think there can be more sub-classifications of the head of VP? What are they then（動(dòng)詞短語中心詞還可能有次分類嗎？）?4. Tell the grammatical function of the italicized parts of the sentences below（說出以下句子中斜體部分的語法功能）:(1) He failed to pass the examination not because he was lazy but because the quest

30、ions were too difficult.(2) The car hit the boy running across the street.(3) Eighteen years later Dr Smith was released, a changed man.(4) They elected her chairman of the class.(5) This is what he told us at the meeting.(6) He asked me whether it would rain.(7) My original question, why he did not

31、 go to the teacher for advice, has not been answered.(8) Dont put off until tomorrow what you can do today.(9) It is essential that you have someone as your company.(10) What snow conceals, the sun reveals.(11) Could you do me a favor?(12) Young as she is, the girl can be trusted.(13) Who do you thi

32、nk you are?(14) Havent they found it out yet?(15) Im in terrible need of some money.(16) Early reports said all three planes used in the attacks were hijacked, one of them from Boston and one from Washington.(17) It is hard to show scientifically that TV and films influence the way people think and

33、act.(18) In the air war against Saddam, targets are picked to minimize what is called: “collateral damage”.(19) It was here, in Springfield, where north, south, east, and west come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people - where I came to believe that through thi

34、s decency, we can build a more hopeful America.(20) But this is the first full-length explanation from Mr. Clinton of how he felt to be at the center of so many storms.(21) The development of plastics is the direct result of the study of molecular structure. (22) The meeting lasted three hours. (23)

35、 Someday jets will take men to other planets. (24) Arithmetic, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics. (25) Please tell me how to calculate the unknowns, Bob. (26) Do you listen to the news broadcast everyday? (27) The article tells the students the special properties of semiconductors.

36、(28) Light travels 300,000 kilometers per second. (29) We have our English lessons four times a week. (30) The desk calculator costs 3,000 Yuan. (31) The Great Wall is world famous. (32) The seedlings are machine planted. (33) The subject is named bio-chemistry. (34) The Party has great concern for

37、us students.(35) Each body of knowledge we think of as a separate science is made up of facts and principles and theories.5. Identify (C) in each of the following sentences, paying special attention to their realization（辨識(shí)以下各句中的補(bǔ)語成分并注意它們的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式）: (1) We consider the test very important. (2) This type

38、of motor is known as an induction motor. (3) The heart serves as a pump to keep the blood in circulation. (4) Dont you think the work here much improved? (5) He was found working in the workshop. (6) We shouldnt regard as impossible what is really possible. (7) Do you want to make acting your career

39、? (8) They wouldnt let us through. (9) With a great weight taken off his mind, he went to bed.(10) These steps of process must not be thought of as having taken place in a short time. (11) Never have I known him speak English so fluently. (12) We have to make clear why the machine stopped all of a s

40、udden. (13) We call isotopes atoms of the same element that have different atomic weight. (14) The experimenter had the results of his experiment checked and rechecked. (15) We know force to be the action of one body on another. (16) The scientific world has believed the discovery of radioactivity b

41、ringing (17) It was a scientific step nearer to the understanding of atomic structure.(18) The electric resistance of all substances is found to change more or less with changes of temperature.(19) These experiments depend on having atoms going with enormous speeds, speeds so great that a single one of these atoms has energy enough to produce observable effects.(20) Electricity pla