曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)第七版答案

1、曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)第七版答案（中文）】> 1 市場是通過相互作用決定一種或一系列產(chǎn)品價格的買賣雙方的集合，因此可以把市場看作決定價格的場所。行業(yè)是出售相同的或緊密相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品的廠商的集合，一個市場可以包括許多行業(yè)。2 評價一個理論有兩個步驟：首先，需要檢驗這個理論假設(shè)的合理性；第二，把該理論的預(yù)測和事實相比較以此來驗證它。如果一個理論無法被檢驗的話，它將不會被接受。因此，它對我們理解現(xiàn)實情況沒有任何幫助。3 實證分析解釋“是什么 ”的問題，而規(guī)范分析解釋的是“應(yīng)該是什么 ” 的問題。對供給的限制將改變市場的均衡。a 中包括兩種分析，批評這是一種“失敗的政策 ” 是規(guī)范分析，批評其破壞了市場的競

2、爭性 是實證分析。b 向我們說明在燃油的配給制下總社會福利的被損壞 是實證分析。4 由于兩個市場在空間上是分離的，商品在兩地間的運輸是套利實現(xiàn)的條件。如果運輸成本為零，則可以在oklahoma 購買汽油，到new jersey 出售，賺取差價；如果這個差價無法彌補運輸成本則不存在套利機會。5 商品和服務(wù)的數(shù)量與價格由供求關(guān)系決定。雞蛋的實際價格從1970 年至 1985 年的下降，一方面是由于人們健康意識的提高而導(dǎo)致雞蛋需求的減少，同時也因為生產(chǎn)成本的降低。在這兩種因素下，雞蛋的價格下降了。大學(xué)教育的實際價格的升高，是由于越來越多的人傾向于獲得大學(xué)教育而導(dǎo)致需求提高，同時教育的成本也在升高。在

3、這兩方面因素作用下，大學(xué)教育費用提高了。6 日圓相對美圓來說，價值升高，升值前相比，兌換同樣數(shù)量的日圓需要付出更多的美圓。由匯率的變化引起購買力的變化，在日本市場出售的美國汽車，由于美圓貶值日圓升值，持有日圓的消費者將較以前支付較底的價格；而在美國市場出售的日本汽車，由于日圓升值美圓貶值，持有美圓的消費者將面對較以前提高的價格。a. 長期彈性和短期彈性區(qū)別在于消費者對價格變化的反映速度以及可獲得的替代品。對紙巾這樣的非耐用品，價格上升，消費者在短期內(nèi)的反映很小。但在長期，對紙巾的需求將會變得富有彈性。對于象電視機這樣的耐用消費品，在短期內(nèi)，價格的變動可能會引起需求的劇烈變化，價格的上升可能會使

4、消費者推遲購買。因此耐用品的需求在長期是富有彈性的。s. 供給價格彈性是供給量變動的百分比和價格變動百分比的比值。價格上升將引起供給的增加。有些廠商在短期內(nèi)，由于生產(chǎn)能力的限制無法迅速增加產(chǎn)量。這樣，在短期內(nèi)，供給是缺乏彈性的。然而在長期情況下，廠商可以調(diào)整生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，因而，從長期來看，供給是富有彈性的。t. 如果商品價格被定在市場出清水平以下，廠商愿意提供的產(chǎn)量則低于消費者希望購買的數(shù)量。短缺的程度則取決于供求的相對彈性。供求均富有彈性情況下的缺口要大于雙方缺乏彈性時的情況。消費者無法在價格管制的情況下購買到他想購買到的數(shù)量。他將去購買替代品，這樣，替a.消費者將增加蘋果需求，導(dǎo)致需求曲線外移

5、動。均衡價格和銷售量都將增加。b.由于橙子具有替代性，蘋果的需求曲線將外移，均衡價格和銷售量都將增加。u. 產(chǎn)量的下降將導(dǎo)致供給曲線向內(nèi)移動，均衡價格上升，銷售量下降。v. 蘋果采摘著的增加將使蘋果生產(chǎn)成本下降，供給增加，均衡價格下降，銷售量上升。w. 供給曲線將外移，均衡價格下降，銷售量上升。練習(xí)題1.a.?qded?qd?pp?pqd?qd?pp = 80 , ed= -0.4 p = 100, ed= -0.56 b.?qses?qs?pp?pqs?qs?p.p = 80, es=0.5.【篇二：曼昆經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理答案第7 篇】【篇三：曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)第六版書后練習(xí)答案-8】>1. a.

6、 the statement, if the government taxes land, wealthy landowners will pass the taxon to their poorer renters, is incorrect. with a tax on land, landowners can notpass the tax on. since the supply curve of land is perfectly inelastic, landownersbear the entire burden of the tax. renters will not be a

7、ffectedat all.b. the statement, if the government taxes apartment buildings, wealthy landownerswill pass the tax on to their poorer renters, is partially correct.with a tax onapartment buildings, landowners can pass the tax on moreeasily, though theextent to which they do this depends on the elastic

8、ities ofsupply and demand. inthis case, the tax is a direct addition to the cost of rental units,so the supply curvewill shift up by the amount of the tax. the tax will be shared by renters andlandowners, depending on the elasticities of demand and supply.2. a. the statement, a tax that has no deadw

9、eight loss cannotraise any revenue for thegovernment, is incorrect. an example is the case of a taxwhen either supply ordemand is perfectly inelastic. the tax has neither an effect onquantity nor anydeadweight loss, but it does raise revenue.b. the statement, a tax that raises no revenue for thegove

10、rnment cannot have anydeadweight loss, is incorrect. an example is the case of a 100 percent taximposed on sellers. with a 100 percent tax on their sales ofthe good, sellers wontsupply any of the good, so the tax will raise no revenue. yetthe tax has a largedeadweight loss, since it reduces the quan

11、tity sold to zero.3. since the demand for food is inelastic, a tax on food is agood way to raise revenue because6. a. setting quantity supplied equal to quantity demandedgives 2P = 300- p. addingp to both sides of the equation gives 3p = 300. dividing bothsides by 3 gives p =100. plugging p = 100 ba

12、ck into either equation for quantity demanded orsupplied gives q = 200.b. now p is the price received by sellers and p+t is the price paid by buyers.equating quantity demanded to quantity supplied gives 2p =300 - (p+t). addingp to both sides of the equation gives 3p = 300- t. dividingboth sides by 3

13、 givesp = 100 - t/3. this is the price received by sellers. the buyers pay a price equalto the price received by sellers plus the tax (p+t = 100 + 2t/3).the quantity soldis now q = 2p = 200- 2t/3.c.since tax revenue is equal to t x q and q = 200 - 2t/3, tax revenue equals 200t - 2t2/3. figure 9 show

14、s a graph of this relationship. tax revenue is zero at t = 0 and at t = 300.figure 9d. as figure 10 shows, the area of the triangle (laid on its side)that represents thedeadweight loss is 1/2 x base x height, where the base is the change in the price, which is the size of the tax (t) and the height

15、is the amount of the decline inquantity (2t/3). so the deadweight loss equals 1/2 x t x 2t/3 = t2/3. this rises exponentially from 0 (when t = 0) to 45,000 when t = 300, as shown in figure 11.figure 10figure 11e. a tax of $200 per unit is a bad idea, because its in a region in which tax revenue isdeclining. the government could reduce the ta