初中英語(yǔ)句子成分講解

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上初中英語(yǔ)句子成分講解一 概述：句子成分概念：組成句子的各個(gè)部分，即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分。主語(yǔ)：表示句子所說(shuō)的是什么人或神秘物，一般由名詞、代詞或不定式，V-ing和從句充當(dāng)。謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么，做什么或怎么樣。由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上必須保持一致。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞存在多種時(shí)態(tài)，它是句子的核心。表語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是說(shuō)明或怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、句子等充當(dāng)。賓語(yǔ): 表示動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、V-ing、從句充當(dāng)，和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么。定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞。由形

2、容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、從句充當(dāng)。單詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語(yǔ)或句子作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾才之后。狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或句子充當(dāng)。（若在同一句子中出現(xiàn)多個(gè)不同狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的4個(gè)的順序?yàn)椋悍绞綘钫Z(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。）Eg. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday二 詳解1.主語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ)表示句子主要說(shuō)明的人或事物。 1).名詞 例如： A moon cake is a delicious, round cake. T

3、he first truck is carrying a few baskets. The temperature will stay above zero. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. China does not want to copy the USAs example. 2).代詞 例如： Its a young forest. I dont know if it will grow. Thats a bit expensive. Youd better buy a new pair. Im afraid we h

4、avent got any black shoes. 3).數(shù)詞 例如：One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck. Two will be enough. 4).不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出現(xiàn)） 例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give. I found it dif

5、ficult to get to sleep. Its glad to see you again. It was difficult to see. But its good to swim in summer. 5).動(dòng)名詞Swimming is interesting. Reading books is good for us.6).名詞化的形容詞做主語(yǔ)The blind need more help. 7).句子作主語(yǔ)What he has said is true. 8).It作主語(yǔ)，有如下情況： 1)指代剛剛提到的事物：Whats this ? Its a bus. (指代what

6、) 2)指代一個(gè)你不知道或判斷不清性別的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示時(shí)間，天氣，距離： Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (時(shí)間) Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rainy.(天氣) How far is it? Its about one kilometer away. (距離) 6.there 引起的There be 句型

7、中，be 作謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)位居其后。如： There are many different kinds of moon cakes. There will be a strong wind. 2、謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。 一般可分為兩類(lèi)： 1)，簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ) 由動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。 可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣。 We study for the people. 2)，復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式 I can speak a little English. 謂語(yǔ)有動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，依據(jù)其在句中繁簡(jiǎn)程度可把謂語(yǔ)分為簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)和復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)兩類(lèi)。不論何種時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)氣，凡由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞（或動(dòng)詞詞組）構(gòu)成的謂

8、語(yǔ)都是簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)。例如： I like walking.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) I made your birthday cake last night. (一般過(guò)去時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)也可分為兩種情況： 第一種是由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)： What does this word mean? I wont do it again. Ill go and move away the bag of rice with

9、 Lin Tao. Youd better catch a bus. 第二種是由連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。例如： You look the same. We are all here. The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. He looked worried. We have to be up early in the morning. School Is over. Lets go home. My pen is in my bag. I feel terrible.

10、He seemed rather tired last night. 連系動(dòng)詞和表語(yǔ)在意思上緊密聯(lián)系，不宜分割。 3、表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)的一部分，它位于系動(dòng)詞如be之后，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是護(hù)士。 表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語(yǔ)須和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。 These desks are yellow. I am all right. My work is teachin

11、g English, My question is how you knew him. 系動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)：1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：He is a teacher. (is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。）2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示看起來(lái)像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks

12、tired. He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞 這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，

13、主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)證實(shí)，變成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. （turn out表終止性結(jié)果）4、賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。 賓語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作所涉及的對(duì)象,它是動(dòng)作的承受者,賓語(yǔ)可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔(dān)任，賓語(yǔ)一般放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。 I saw a cat in the tree. 我看見(jiàn)樹(shù)上有一只貓。 I want to go shopping. He

14、 said that he could be here. We think you are right. 有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)多指人,另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)指物,指人的賓語(yǔ)叫做間接賓語(yǔ),指物的賓語(yǔ)叫做直接賓語(yǔ),可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語(yǔ)可把直接賓語(yǔ)放在間接賓語(yǔ)的前面, 但間接賓語(yǔ)前須加to。 My father bought me a book. Give the rubber to me. Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 有些及物動(dòng)詞除跟一

15、個(gè)賓語(yǔ)外，還需要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中賓語(yǔ)和后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，這也是判斷是兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的依據(jù),賓語(yǔ)可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔(dān)任。 We all call him LaoWang. Please color it red. We found the little girl in the hill. 5、定語(yǔ) 在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語(yǔ)。 用作定語(yǔ)的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。 He is a new student. 但副詞

16、，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。 The bike in the room is mine.定語(yǔ)用于描述名詞,代詞,短語(yǔ)或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。如果定語(yǔ)是單個(gè)詞,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的后面。 That is a beautiful flower. The TV set made in that factory is very good. This is my book, not your book. There are more than twenty trees

17、 in our school. I have a lot of things to do. Our country is a developing country. 6、狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ):說(shuō)明事物發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)可以由副詞,短語(yǔ)以及從句來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。狀語(yǔ)從句分類(lèi)及常用連詞： 類(lèi)別連詞 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, etc. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句where, wherever 原因狀語(yǔ)從句because, since, as

18、, for, now that, etc. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句in order that, so that, that, etc. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句as, as if, as though, etc. 相似連詞的用法區(qū)別 1.when, wh

19、ile, as, while表時(shí)間，從句需用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，切不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。 when表時(shí)間，從句既可以用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，又可以用瞬間動(dòng)詞。 as表時(shí)間，與when相似，但側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句動(dòng)作同點(diǎn)或同段進(jìn)行。 when, while后可以接分詞短語(yǔ)。 2.because, as, since, for 語(yǔ)氣位置意義 because 最強(qiáng)前或后 “原因”；表客觀因果關(guān)系；回答“” as較強(qiáng)前“由于”；把眾人所知的事實(shí)當(dāng)作理由 since 較弱前“既然”；就對(duì)方陳述的事實(shí)作為理由 for 最弱后“理由”；對(duì)某一事實(shí)進(jìn)行推斷的理由 注：上面所說(shuō)的“前”，指從句在主句之前；“后”，指從句在主句之后。 3.so

20、 that, sothat, suchthat so that“以便”、“結(jié)果”表目的和結(jié)果。注意：在從句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表目的。無(wú)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表結(jié)果。 sothat “如此的以致于”表結(jié)果。該結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)于： 1.so+形副that2.so+形a(an)單數(shù)名詞that3.somany/much復(fù)數(shù)名詞（不可數(shù)名詞）+that suchthat“如此的以致于”表結(jié)果。該結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)于： 1.sucha(an)形名詞that2.such形復(fù)數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞that 4.though, although, as, though, although在句首表“盡管”兩者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。 下列情況只能

21、用though： as though (=as if);even if (=even though) 在句末表示“然而” as表示“盡管”，從句的表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分要倒裝。 5.whatever, however, wherever, whenever 它們是what, how, where, when的強(qiáng)勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣。分別等于： no matter what, no matter how no matter where, no matter when 同位語(yǔ): 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來(lái)說(shuō)明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(yǔ)（appositive）.這兩

22、個(gè)句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔(dān)任，同位語(yǔ)通常皆放在其說(shuō)明的名詞（代詞）之后。 英語(yǔ)句子成分基礎(chǔ)練習(xí) (一). 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 選出句中謂

23、語(yǔ)的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dontB. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. DoB. usually C. goD. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will beB. meetin

24、g C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. WeB. hadC. sen

25、d D. doctor He is interested in music. A. isB. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. giveB. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you

26、learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know

27、 who Father Christmas really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. What is your given n

28、ame? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the bo

29、y out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七) 挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when

30、 he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ) Please tell us a story.