初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)法講解

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)法講解 (一) 語(yǔ)態(tài)分類英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài).，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動(dòng))A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動(dòng))漢語(yǔ)中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來(lái)表示被動(dòng)，而英語(yǔ)用：助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。(二) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以 give 為例，列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：a

2、m / is / are + p.p一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were + p.p一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall / will + be + p.p be(am / is / are)going to + be + p.p過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should / would + be + p.p be(was/were)going to + be + p.p現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are + being + be + p.p過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was / were + being + p.p現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has + been + P.P過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had + been + p.p情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +

3、 be + p.p注被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。(三)常見(jiàn)的八種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：People grow rice in the south of the country.-Rice is grown in the south of the country.2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.-The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：They will give plen

4、ty of jobs to school-leavers.-Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.-The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.6. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：The workers were mending the road.-The road was being mended.

5、7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):He has brought his book here.-His book has been brought here.8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.-When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. (四） 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。He can write a

6、great many letters with the computer.-A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.(五) 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 的 使 用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by 短語(yǔ)。  “Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語(yǔ)。These records were made by John Denver.The cup was broken

7、by Paul.These cars were made in China.(六)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法1.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。2.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be + 過(guò)去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，by 短語(yǔ)可以省略。如果原句主語(yǔ)是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中用in + 地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語(yǔ)。My aunt invited me to her dinner party.主語(yǔ)  謂語(yǔ)  賓語(yǔ) I was invited (by my aunt ) to her di

8、nner party.(七)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問(wèn)題1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.  (正確)A new computer have been bought.  (錯(cuò)誤)2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.-I was given

9、a present on my birthday.如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)： -A present was given to me yesterday.1.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, pass, show，lend等。(1) The book was showed to the class.(2) My bike was lent to her.2.在see, watch, hear, notice, make,等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶t

10、o，這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，to不能省略。 We often hear him play the guitar.-He is often heard to play the guitar.3. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。    Nobody can answer this question.誤：The question can be answered by nobody.正：The question can not be answered

11、by anybody.4. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。They haven't done anything to make the river clean.誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.5. 以who為主語(yǔ)開頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放

12、在句首。Who wrote the story?誤：Who was the story written?正：By whom was the story written?9. 下列情況主動(dòng)句不能改為被動(dòng)句：下列動(dòng)詞（詞組）沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式： 下列動(dòng)詞（詞組）沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式： 1.、半系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意 、系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有： look/seem/appear, feel(感覺(jué)，摸起來(lái) sound, smell, taste e.g. She seems/appears happy. It smells terrible. The silk feels soft. 絲綢摸

13、起來(lái)很柔軟。 (逐漸 變得 變成：become, grow, get, turn, come, go e.g. His wish has come true. 他的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了 People often went hungry in the old days. The tree is growing tall. The leaves of the trees turn yellow in autumn. 樹葉在秋天變黃。 保持：keep, stay e.g. We must keep quiet in the reading room. 2、有些不及物動(dòng)詞常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 不及物動(dòng)詞常

14、用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 某些可用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在“品質(zhì)”或“性能”的及物動(dòng)詞，如 lock, shut, open, move, read, 某些可用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在“品質(zhì)” 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在 性能”的及物動(dòng)詞， write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw, cut 等 舉例1This table cleans very easily.The cloth (布)washes well. His book doesn't sell well. The flower smells sweet. The supermarket opens at 8:00 in t

15、he morning. The door wont close/shut. 舉例2(1) Do you like the material?   Yes, it feels very soft.誤：It is felt very soft.(2)The food tastes delicious.誤：The food is tasted delicious.(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful.某些表示“發(fā)生” happen, take place, occur,“爆發(fā)”

16、 break out, burst out“傳播”spread 的不及物 某些表示“發(fā)生” 舉例1The accident happened last week. Great changes have taken place in China .The fire spread from the factory to the warehouse nearby. 3舉例21.The fire broke out in the capital building.誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.2. When we got t

17、o the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.誤：When we got to the top of the mountain,The sun had already been risen.3.After the earthquake, few houses remained.誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第四，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)。I taught myself English.誤：Myself was taught English.We love each other.誤：Each other is loved.10. 在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。據(jù)說(shuō)  It is said that 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)    It is reported that 據(jù)推測(cè)    It is supposed that 希望