作文寫(xiě)作技巧

1、四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 一、評(píng)分原則一、評(píng)分原則 全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試作文的評(píng)分原則采取的是總體評(píng)分方法 (Global Scoring)，即閱卷員就總的印象，從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。二、官方評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二、官方評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1. 本題滿分為15分。2.閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。3.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 2分條理不清；思路紊亂、語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 5分基本切題。表達(dá)思路不清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。 8分基本切題。有些地方不但思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；而且語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。

2、 11分切題。思路清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。 14分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好，基本無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。4.字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分，只寫(xiě)一段者：字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分，只寫(xiě)一段者：0-40-4分；只寫(xiě)兩段者：分；只寫(xiě)兩段者：0-90-9分分( (指規(guī)定三段的作文指規(guī)定三段的作文) )。實(shí)際：以貌取人（高分作文） 長(zhǎng)度達(dá)標(biāo)，適當(dāng)超出（150以上，最好180） 書(shū)法整潔漂亮，改動(dòng)要少（勿潦草，字母太小，右傾）； 段落清晰，一目了然，按提綱劃分段落（勿不分段或很多段落,或完全不考慮提綱）； 內(nèi)容切題充實(shí)，語(yǔ)言流暢； （勿跑題或抄寫(xiě)無(wú)關(guān)信息） 句式有變化，開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾少語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。 （詞匯

3、貧乏，反復(fù)使用相同的詞句）亮點(diǎn)句型亮點(diǎn)句型 用于文章開(kāi)頭的常用句型 Nowadays, there is a general discussion / debate about / as to In recent years, there is / has been a growing concern / awareness about. plays a vital part (is indispensable) in our daily work and life. There is no denying the fact that Now people in growing (signif

4、icant) numbers are beginning/coming to realize that 對(duì)立觀點(diǎn) When it comes to, peoples opinions differ/vary .Some believe/consider that., while others claim/maintain that. People differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. Some believe/consider that., while others claim/maintain that. Person

5、ally, I stand on the side of the former/latter. 結(jié)束段常用的表達(dá)方式 From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that. To sum up/In short / In brief / In a word, in order towe should. In conclusion, some steps / measures should be taken to. Therefore, I strongly recommend that. I believe th

6、at the best way to solve / settle the problem is to. Only in this way can we 提出觀點(diǎn) The reasons/factors that can influencecan be summarized as follows. I strongly recommend that My argument for this view goes as follows. Despite the arguments above, I believe No one can deny the fact that. 解釋原因 A numb

7、er of factors may contribute to. A number of factors could account for. 列舉事例 A case in point is. Take. for example/instance Takeas an example/instance As to/for me 引出諺語(yǔ) As the saying goes “”. It is often said/quoted that. Failure is the mother of success. A good medicine tastes bitter. Actions speak

8、 louder than words. Look before you leap. Where there is a will, there is a way. Well begun is half done. Do as the Romans do. Time and tide wait for no man. Practice makes perfect. 提綱式作文寫(xiě)作模板提綱式作文寫(xiě)作模板 實(shí)例1(對(duì)立觀點(diǎn))1999年6月真題Reading Selectively Or Extensively? 有人認(rèn)為讀書(shū)要有選擇 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書(shū) 我的看法 Reading Selectivel

9、y Or Extensively? When it comes to the choice between reading selectively or extensively, Peoples attitude varies widely from person to person. Some argue that we should be careful in choosing reading materials, while others maintain that we can benefit more from reading as many kinds of books as po

10、ssible. The first group have their arguments as follows. To begin with, our time is limited, therefore, we have to put our efforts in the most important books. Whats more, we need specialized knowledge in order to find a good job. However, other people claim that we should read extensively. For one

11、thing, extensive reading can broaden our horizon. For another, we need a broad education to better understand the world around us. As is discussed above, it is obvious that there is some truth in both arguments. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to read extensively because I have a wide range of in

12、terests, such as in literature, in computer science and so on. As a result, extensive reading may satisfy my need and make me happy. （160 words） 實(shí)例2(現(xiàn)象原因分析) Students Pursuit for Famous Brands 現(xiàn)在很多大學(xué)生紛紛追求名牌 大學(xué)生追求名牌的原因 我的看法Students Pursuit for Famous BrandsNow college students in growing (significant)

13、 numbers are beginning to pursue famous brands. From clothes to mobile phones, even study articles like electronic dictionaries and pens, they are inclined to buy famous brands. The following reasons can account for college students preference for famous brands. Above all, in many college students e

14、yes, a famous brand is a symbol of sophistication and taste. They expect others to admire their high class and good taste. What s more, in modern society, famous brands to some extent are equal to fashion, which has a great attraction to young college students. Besides, parents spoiling their childr

15、en helps form their bad consumption habit.As far as I am concerned, it is irrational for college students to pursue famous brands. After all, most of famous brands are far beyond their consumption ability. Besides, it is not famous brands but a persons noble character that really makes him high clas

16、s. Therefore, college students should attach more importance to cultivating a good character rather than pursuing famous brands. 情景式作文這種作文的命題一般是用中文或英文給出一個(gè)特定的情景，即時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和人物，要求考生根據(jù)所給情景，對(duì)其進(jìn)行詳細(xì)描述，或以所給情景為背景，寫(xiě)敘述事件的作文，還可以簡(jiǎn)述一種現(xiàn)象，要求考生運(yùn)用事實(shí)、具體事例及個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行分析、論證和說(shuō)明。寫(xiě)情景作文首先應(yīng)注意審題, 并發(fā)揮想象力。根據(jù)所給情景確定中心確定中心思想，明確在文章中要表達(dá)什么思

17、想內(nèi)容；在此基礎(chǔ)上要注意嚴(yán)格按照所規(guī)定的情景來(lái)展開(kāi)文章。此外，寫(xiě)情景作文還要注意文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)，確定每一段的核心思想，并看這些思想是否圍繞同一主題而展開(kāi)。一、引言（Introduction ) 在引言部分用自己的話將提示中所給出的觀點(diǎn)或某種現(xiàn)象再?gòu)?fù)述一遍。二、正文（Body) 在正文部分提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法，或?qū)μ崾局械哪撤N現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析和說(shuō)明，說(shuō)明或論證的過(guò)程可以從正面進(jìn)行，也可以從反面進(jìn)行，或從正、反兩方面同時(shí)進(jìn)行。正文部分應(yīng)該是整篇文章的主體，也是最重要的部分。三、結(jié)尾（Conclusion/Ending) 結(jié)尾部分總結(jié)或歸納一下文章的主題，并表明自己的立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)。 英文書(shū)信信頭 (hea

18、ding) 信頭指的是發(fā)信人的地址以及發(fā)信日期. 一般寫(xiě)在信紙的右上角.先寫(xiě)發(fā)信的地址,地址的書(shū)寫(xiě)順是由小到大,依次為: 門(mén)牌號(hào)、 街名、 城市名、省或州名、郵政編碼、國(guó)名 如在院系寄信的,地址順序應(yīng)為:班級(jí)、年級(jí)、系名、院名、學(xué)校名、城市名、省州名、郵政編碼、國(guó)名 發(fā)信日期單獨(dú)成行.日期要按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣書(shū)寫(xiě),常用寫(xiě)法有兩種: 月、日、年, 如: June 3, 2002 或者日、月、年, 如: 3rd June, 2002 在年份之前有一個(gè)逗號(hào)如果信是寫(xiě)給熟悉的人,常常只寫(xiě)日期就可以了. 2. 稱呼 (Salutation) 稱呼指對(duì)收信人的稱呼.稱呼語(yǔ)后常用逗號(hào)“，”第一類(lèi)書(shū)信是寫(xiě)給個(gè)人. 1

19、) 寫(xiě)信人認(rèn)識(shí)收信人,但關(guān)系不是很親密Dear Mr. (Miss, Dr, Prof等), 后接收信人姓氏, 如: Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Dr Tan, Dear Miss Chen, Dear President， 2) 寫(xiě)給朋友，兩人關(guān)系較為親密，可直呼其名，如：Dear Mary, Dear Jack, Dear Mom, 等 第二類(lèi)書(shū)信是寫(xiě)給某個(gè)團(tuán)體組織或機(jī)構(gòu)的1)寫(xiě)信人不認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人,稱呼語(yǔ)可用Dear Sir，或者Dear Sir or Madam， 2)寫(xiě)信人認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人可稱Dear Mr. Black, Dear Professor Chen. 3. 正文

20、 (Body) 正文是信的主體部分，正文每段第一行往右縮進(jìn)個(gè)字母 英語(yǔ)信件習(xí)慣上不用“你好”開(kāi)頭，可以直接用一兩句話講明寫(xiě)信的目的所以正文常為三個(gè)部分：開(kāi)頭段，正文段和結(jié)尾段 4. 結(jié)束語(yǔ) (Complimentary close) 結(jié)束語(yǔ)是正文下面的寫(xiě)信人對(duì)收信人的謙稱一般從信紙中央稍右的地方寫(xiě)起，第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)，后面要用逗號(hào)不同的通信關(guān)系要用不同的結(jié)束語(yǔ) 寫(xiě)給公司或相識(shí)的人 Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully, Yours (very) sincerely, Yours (very) cordially, 寫(xiě)給上司或長(zhǎng)輩 Yours (

21、very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, 寫(xiě)給親朋好友 Yours (ever), (With) love, Miss you, Always yours, Yours affectionately, (With) best wishes, Your sincere/good friend, your loving mother/son， . . 簽名 (Signature) 署名發(fā)信人的簽名寫(xiě)在結(jié)束語(yǔ)下面一行，信紙中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上親筆簽名，以示鄭重簽名時(shí)，一般寫(xiě)上全名 6. 信內(nèi)地址 (Inside address)

22、 信內(nèi)地址指的是收信人的姓名職務(wù)單位及地址.多見(jiàn)于正式的商務(wù)信件,私人信件可以省略不寫(xiě).第一行寫(xiě)收信人姓名,第二行寫(xiě)地址.18 Hanzheng StreetWuhan, Hubei 430020Oct. 25, 1994Dear Mr. William Madison, -Yours sincerely, Patrick BakerMr. William MadisonGeneral ManagerRoss Engineering Associates1767 Palm StreetLong Beach, CA96104U.S.A. I am a sophomore majoring in

23、Civic Engineering. I am writing to you to say something about the canteen service on campus. When stepping into the bright and spacious canteen, we are immediately attracted by the white rice and the smell of various dishes. The service persons are always smiling and fairly enthusiastic for their wo

24、rk. But we get a little surprised when paying for the food, because its price is twice that of the university nearby. The high price is the biggest obstacle for us to have a delicious meal. On this account a number of students have to choose the food that is cheap and with little nutrition. It is un

25、healthful to our health and reduces the effectiveness in our learning. So it is advisable to drop the food price in our canteen. As to what percentage of price should be reduced, a student poll may be helpful. I am one of thousands of the students who are zealous to see our university take efforts t

26、o reduce the price. Yours respectfully, Li MingJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President, 常見(jiàn)的圖表類(lèi)型有: (表格) 2.curve graph(曲線) 3.Bar Graph(柱狀) 4.Pie Graph(餅狀) 圖表作文圖表作文1) 1) 表格表格(table),(table),它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系 E DABC mnfg ezpq xyoh2)2)曲線曲線(curve graph ),(curve graph ),它常用表示事物的變化趨勢(shì)它常用表示事物的變化趨勢(shì): :3)3)柱

27、狀柱狀(Bar Graph)(Bar Graph)它用來(lái)表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系它用來(lái)表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系4)4)餅狀餅狀(Pie Graph)(Pie Graph)表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系 圖表式作文的特點(diǎn)一般涉及5個(gè)方面： 描述圖表、指明寓意、分析原因、聯(lián)系實(shí)描述圖表、指明寓意、分析原因、聯(lián)系實(shí)際、給出建議際、給出建議.四級(jí)考試一般從這5項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中選出3個(gè)內(nèi)容考察學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作水平。FeaturesFeatures Writing Steps Useful Expressions in Graph WritingWritin

28、g StrategyWriting Strategy Writing StepsWriting Steps (圖表作文的寫(xiě)作步驟): 1)分析圖表及說(shuō)明文字 2)數(shù)字變化趨勢(shì),分析主旨得中心論點(diǎn) 3)列提綱 4)寫(xiě)作 Useful Expressions in Graph WritingUseful Expressions in Graph Writing(1) According to figures shown in the table/graph/chart/pie we can see / conclude that(2) The graph shows /tells/reveals

29、that(3) As is shown/can be seen in the chart that(4) The table is /gives information/about(5) The table represents the development and changes in (6) After considering the information in the table we might conclude that描述圖表描述圖表 開(kāi)頭說(shuō)法 As we can see from/ It can be seen from the chart (table) that. 倍數(shù)A

30、 is twice/half/3 times as high as B 增長(zhǎng)，減少 The chart (table) showsslight (rapid, sudden, steady, great) increase/reduction 表示結(jié)論：Therefore/So/Thus/To sum up/ In conclusion, it can be concluded/seen/inferred that 上升動(dòng)詞：rise, climb, go up, increase 名詞：rise, increase 下降 動(dòng)詞：fall, decline, decrease, drop, g

31、o down 名詞： fall, decline, decrease, drop 到達(dá)頂峰 reach its peak, reach its highest point 降到最低點(diǎn) reach the lowest point Reading Preference of Students in an American University in 2002Categories of BooksPercentage of Books Circulation in the LibraryPopular Fiction65.9%General Nonfiction18.2%Science /Tech

32、nology/Education10.8%Art/Literature /poetry 5.1%An Example:An Example: 1) 根據(jù)上表，簡(jiǎn)要描述美國(guó) 某大學(xué)學(xué)生借閱圖書(shū)的分布情況. 2）你對(duì)于這些學(xué)生閱讀偏愛(ài)的評(píng)論. 3）你通常喜歡閱讀哪一類(lèi)書(shū)籍？ 說(shuō)明理由.現(xiàn)象解釋型模板一現(xiàn)象解釋型模板一 1) We have witnessed 總體現(xiàn)象. 2) According to 描述圖表 , 具體表現(xiàn)一. 3) And 具體表現(xiàn)二 . 4) Many reasons contribute to 過(guò)渡句. 5)To begin with, 原因一. 6)Moreover, 原

33、因二. 7) In addition, 原因三. 8) As a result, 導(dǎo)致結(jié)果. 9) As to me, 作者的看法. 10) First of all, 理由一. 11) Besides, 理由二. 12) To conclude, 總結(jié).描述現(xiàn)描述現(xiàn)象象闡述原闡述原因因表明觀表明觀點(diǎn)點(diǎn) Reading Preferences Reading Preferences （范文）（范文） 1)We have witnessed that college students vary in ) According to the table of the percentage of bo

34、ok circulation in an American university library, the circulation of popular fictions and general nonfictions accounts for 65.9% and 18.2% respectively. 3) And the table also shows that the circulation of science / technology/education books and art / literature / poetry books is 10.8% and 5.1% resp

35、ectively.4) Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. 5) To begin with, popular fictions usually possess more appealing plots than other types of books do, so many readers are attracted by popular fiction. 6) Moreover, popular fictions and general nonfictions are easier to be understood. 7) In add

36、ition, science and art books demand certain knowledge in special field of study. 8) As a result, more students tend to choose popular fictions and general nonfictions. 9) As to me, Im in favor of books of science and technology. 10) First of all, in order to deepen what Im learning, I need read more

37、 books relevant to my major and observe the new development in science and technological circles. 11) Besides, these books can also broaden my vision. 12) To conclude, college students should choose books according to their interests and needs.寫(xiě)作的寫(xiě)作的 “四項(xiàng)基本原則四項(xiàng)基本原則”： 一、一、 長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng) 短短 句，多變句式原則句，多變句式原則 長(zhǎng)短句交替

38、出現(xiàn)，簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句，從句長(zhǎng)短句交替出現(xiàn)，簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句，從句交替出現(xiàn)。交替出現(xiàn)。1）加法（串聯(lián)）Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短語(yǔ)可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover2）轉(zhuǎn)折The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短語(yǔ)： despite that, however, nevertheless, in spite of

39、, despite 3）因果 The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短語(yǔ)： therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, so that 4）倒裝句 （亮點(diǎn)句） I never thought he would return. 強(qiáng)調(diào)：強(qiáng)調(diào)：Never did I think he would return. We can succeed only in this way. Only in this way can we succeed. 另外， 定語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句，好句型都被

40、視為亮點(diǎn)句二、二、 主主 題題 句原則句原則主主 題題 句句放在文章的開(kāi)頭（保險(xiǎn)）或者結(jié)尾三、三、 一一 二二 三原則三原則1）first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally2）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）3）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）4）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦）5）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)

41、的情況）6）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）四、四、 短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it.I want it. 可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.作文作文段落寫(xiě)作常用方法段落寫(xiě)作常用方法 1. 1.列舉法列舉法2.2.舉例法舉例法3.3.比較和對(duì)照法比較和對(duì)照法 4. 4. 因果法因果法5. 5. 分類(lèi)法分類(lèi)法6. 6. 時(shí)間順序時(shí)間順序7. 7. 空間順序空間順序8. 8. 綜合法綜合法 1. 1. 列舉法列舉法

42、列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉足夠的（至少三個(gè)）足以支持主題觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié). Bicycle has many advantages. First, it is handy and convenient. It can carry you to anywhere you like in city and does not need a large parking place. Secondly, it is not so expensive, and therefore, every family can afford to buy it and to repair it. Thirdly, it

43、 does not cause air pollution. Besides, it does good to your health if you ride it regularly 2.2. 舉例法舉例法舉例法通常指用具體的事例來(lái)闡述主題句中包含的中心思想. Public television in American presents many kinds of programs. . There are news and opinion programs. There are films about social and historical events. And there are

44、shows about science and nature. There are shows to teach people how to cook, grow vegetables or fix a house. There are many drama programs produced in Britain. And there are programs that present music, dance and theater of America. 3.3. 比較和對(duì)照法比較和對(duì)照法比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類(lèi)的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似點(diǎn)。(1). 整體對(duì)

45、比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1, A2, A3,; B1, B2, B3） (2) 逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比。 即雙方同時(shí)描述，逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；） 整體對(duì)比 It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the l

46、onely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They must suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness. 逐

47、項(xiàng)對(duì)比 My two friends have similar and different characteristics, such as appearance, personality and hobbies. Wendy is short and blonde. In contrast, Lisa is taller than Wendy, and Lisas hair is much darker and curlier than Wendys. Wendy is the shy type and doesnt talk loudly when other people are the

48、re. On the other hand, Lisa is more outgoing than Wendy and likes to speak more. Both Lisa and Wendy enjoy doing different things ,and they do them well. For instance, Wendy is a folk dancer, and she dances more gracefully than Lisa, but Lisa can play baseball better than Wendy. Wendy and Lisa are f

49、riends; for this reason, other people like to compare them. 4.4. 因果法因果法 因果法是指按事物的因果關(guān)系發(fā)展段落.可以先把結(jié)果提出來(lái), 然后解釋其(多種)原因, 也可以先列出原因, 再說(shuō)明其(多個(gè))結(jié)果. (1). 先因后果 (2). 先果后因 (1). (1). 先因后果先因后果 Since I have changed my curriculum to law enforcement, there have been amazing consequences. First of all, I am now intereste

50、d in my courses. I am so interested, in fact, that I have done a lot of extra reading for the course. Also, my parents are much more involved with what I am doing in school since my father is a policeman. Finally, my grades have shown remarkable improvement. I expected better grades to result form t

51、he switch, but I never thought I would get all the As I have been getting. (2). (2). 先果后因先果后因 Guiyou Restaurant is losing business for three major reasons. First, customers are staying away because of the unsanitary conditions in the restaurant. The tables are often messy and the floors dirty. In ad

52、dition, the service is poor. The waiters and waitresses are generally slow and unfriendly. The waiters and waitresses wear uniforms. Most important of all, customers are not pleased with the food at Guiyou Restaurant. The meals are of poor quality and overpriced. 5.5.分類(lèi)法分類(lèi)法 分類(lèi)，即將某一復(fù)雜的事物分拆開(kāi)來(lái)，根據(jù)性質(zhì)、形態(tài)、成因功能等屬性的差別分成若干類(lèi)，然后逐一進(jìn)行說(shuō)明.Chinese food can be classified into four t