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1、同分異構(gòu)構(gòu)造異構(gòu) 立體異構(gòu)碳鏈（骨架）異構(gòu)官能團位置異構(gòu)官能團異構(gòu)互變異構(gòu)構(gòu)象異構(gòu)構(gòu)型異構(gòu)順反異構(gòu)光學異構(gòu)CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHOCHOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3CH3CH3CH3BrCOOHBrCOOHOOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3

2、COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3OCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3CH3CH2COOHCH3COOCH3CH3COCl ClCH2CHOCH3CCH2COOEtOCH3CCCOOEtOHHCH3CCH2CCH3OOCH3CCCOCH3OHH酮式烯醇式酮式烯醇式構(gòu)型構(gòu)型CCAABBCCABBACCCCH

3、CH3CH3HCH3CH3HHbp()mp()41-139-105CCCCHCH3CH3HCH3CH3HHbp()mp()41-139-105HCOOHHOOCHCCHClClHCClClHCH3COOHHOHHOHCOOHHFHClClHHFCH2CH2CH2CH2ClClNHHH C3CH3CH3C2CH3CH3HHHHC2COOHCOOHHOHHOHC2（無） （有） （無） （有）化學性質(zhì)：僅在手性環(huán)境下表現(xiàn)出差別化學性質(zhì)：僅在手性環(huán)境下表現(xiàn)出差別 旋光性：對偏振光的作用不同旋光性：對偏振光的作用不同 CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸CCOO

4、HCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHCCOOHH3CHOHCCOOHCH3HHOHOHCOOHCH3（前）（前）（后）（后）交叉點 手性碳（位于紙平面上）COHHOOCCH3HCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHHOCH3HCCOOHCH3HOH(S)- (S)- (R)- (R)-基團大小順序：OH COOH CH3 HCH3CHOCH2CH3HCH3CHOCH2CH3HCCH2CH3HOCH3H SRRCH3CHCOOHOH*CNH2COOHHCH3CHCOOHOH*CNH2COOH

5、H* *CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸 D D2020= +3.8= +3.8o o( (水水) ) D D2020= -3.8= -3.8o o( (水水) )HOOC-CH-CH-COOH*OH ClC-2: -OH CHCOOH COOH HC-3: Cl COOH CHCOOH HClOHHOHClHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOHHClCOOHHOHHClCOOHCOOHHOHClHCOOHCOOH 2R3R 2S3S 2R3S 2S3R dl-dl-HOHClHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOHHClCOOHHOHHClCOOHCOOHHOH

6、ClHCOOHCOOH 2R3R 2S3S 2R3S 2S3R dl-dl-HOOC-CH-CH-COOHOH OH* 酒 石 酸 OH COOH CHCOOH HOH *C2 *C3 ：HOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHHOHHOHCOOHCOOHCH3HCH3OHOHHHCH3HOHOHCH3HCH3HOHOHCH3(A)(B)(C)CH3CH3BrHOHHHBrHOHHH(6) CCHOCH3HHCH3OHCCCH3OHHOHH

7、CH3(7) CH3CH3NH2HOHHNH2HHH3COHH3C(8) HCH3CH3HCH3HHCH3(9) CH3CH3CH3CH3(10) ClClHHClHClH(5) CH3CHBrCH3HHCH3HHHHH Br BrClClClCH3CH3Cl CH3 CH3 CH3ClClClClHHHCHBr ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2R3R,2S , 3S2R ,3r, 4S2R , 3s ,4SA B C DCCCABABsp2spC=C=CClHClH（有手性）HHCH3ClHCOOHHHOOCNO2HOOCCOOHO2NO2NHOOCCOOHNO2O2NHOOCClClOH

8、OHN+C6H5 OH-CH3CH3CH2CH2C6H5P+C6H5CH2CH2CH3CH3 Br-CH2C6H5HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCH(1) COOHCOOHBr(2) NO2COOHNO2HOOC(3) CH3CHCC(CH3)2(4) C6H5CHCCHC6H5(5) O(6) CH3CH3CHCH3(1) ClCl(2) CH3CHCHCHCHCH3CH2(3) ClCl(4) CHOHOC

9、H3CH3OCH3HCl(5)(6)(7)(8)薄荷醇CCH3CH3CCCCCH3CH3HHOHHOH同分異構(gòu)構(gòu)造異構(gòu) 立體異構(gòu)碳鏈（骨架）異構(gòu)官能團位置異構(gòu)官能團異構(gòu)互變異構(gòu)構(gòu)象異構(gòu)構(gòu)型異構(gòu)順反異構(gòu)光學異構(gòu)CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸CCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸HCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHHCOOHHOOCHCCOOHCH3OHHCCOOHCH3HOHS-(+)-乳酸R-(-)-乳酸HO HH OHC O O HC O O HHO HHO HC O O HC O O

10、 HH OHHO HC O O HC O O HH OHH OHC O O HC O O H （1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)C

11、H3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3B

12、rBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4

13、)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H（1） ClOHHCH3BrBrBrBrHHHHBrHHBr(2)(3)CH3OH(4)PhPhClHH H542316CH2CH2142365231465231564123456654321531246612345CH2HRCH2234561234561HR423156CH2CH2 R R 鍵（）鍵（） -CH-CH3 3 9595 -CH(CH -CH(CH3 3) )2 2 9797 -C(CH -C(CH3 3) )3 3 99.9999.99 體積大的取代

14、基在體積大的取代基在e e鍵上的構(gòu)象穩(wěn)定鍵上的構(gòu)象穩(wěn)定CH3CH3BrHOHHHBrHOHHH(6) CCHOCH3HHCH3OHCCCH3OHHOHHCH3(7) CH3CH3NH2HOHHNH2HHH3COHH3C(8) HCH3CH3HCH3HHCH3(9) CH3CH3CH3CH3(10) ClClHHClHClH(5)1CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH31CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HHHClClCl4(CH ) CHCCHHCHCH23 25HCHCHHClCl336CH SHHHClCHBr37HHClOH8HCH32 21CH ClClCHH232OHBrHCH33HH

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