社會(huì)語言學(xué)第十講社會(huì)方言階層與職業(yè)

1、1社會(huì)語言學(xué) 第十講社會(huì)方言：階層與職業(yè)2西方社會(huì)分層的兩大理論傳統(tǒng) 3職業(yè)與階層緊密關(guān)聯(lián)p中國(guó)p美國(guó)4William Labov生平pProfessor, Departments of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania,pBorn: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJpColumbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D. 1964pIndustrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960pAssistant Professor, Colum

2、bia University, 1964-1970pAssociate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1971-pDirector, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1976-5William Labov主要著作pThe social motivation of a sound change, 1963pThe Social Stratification of English in New York City.,1966pSociolinguistic

3、Patterns, 1972pLanguage in the Inner City, 1972pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors , 1994.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. 2001.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive and Cultural Factors, 2010pwith U. Weinreich & M. Herzog, Empir

4、ical foundations for a theory of language change, 1968.6Casestudy 1: Marthas Vineyard (1963)7The island was chosen as a laboratory for an initial investigation of social patterns in linguistic change.（1） has the advantage of being a self-contained unit, separated from the mainland by a good three mi

5、les of the Atlantic Ocean. （2） has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior. （3） We are also fortunate in having the records of the Linguistic Atlas of New England 1931-1972 (henceforth abbreviated LANE) as a background for the investig

6、ation. The social motivation of a sound change 8The social motivation of a sound change 9（1）詞匯調(diào)查pA lexical questionnaire, using the regional markers shown as most significant in the maps of the LANE, supplemented with recent observations, and concentrating on the following words containing (ay) and

7、(aw):pspider dying outpSliding swipe flattening outpwhite outhousepegg pie frying pancrouchThe social motivation of a sound change 10（2）誘導(dǎo)提問pWhen we speak of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, what does right mean? . Is it in writing? . If a man is successful at a job he doesnt

8、 like, would you still say he was a successful man?“p These questions were generally successful in eliciting the informants versions of the italicized words.The social motivation of a sound change 11（3）請(qǐng)高中生讀課文pAfter the high winds last Thursday, we went down to the mooring to see how the boat was ma

9、king out. . My father started to pump out the bottom, and he told me to find out if the outboard would start. I found out all right. I gave her a couple of real hard pulls but it was no dice. Let me try her, my father said. Not on your life, I told him. Ive got my pride.The social motivation of a so

10、und change 12（4）公共場(chǎng)所錄音pIn addition to the formal interview, observations were made in a great many casual situations: on the streets of Vineyard Haven and Edgartown, in diners, restaurants, bars, stores, docks, and many places where the general sound of public conversation could be noted, if not eff

11、ectively recorded.The social motivation of a sound change 13樣本情況p69人約占總?cè)丝诘陌俜种?，可以作為全島居民的代表性取樣。p樣品的結(jié)構(gòu)與全島總?cè)丝诘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)接近。40 are up-islanders, and only 29 are from downisland, though over 70 percent of the people live down-island. p職業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)The most important occupational groups are represented: 14 in fishing, 8 i

12、n farming, 6 in construction, 19 in service trades, 3 professionals, 5 housewives, 14 students. p民族結(jié)構(gòu)The three main ethnic groups are represented: 42 of English descent, 16 Portuguese, and 9 Indian.p總數(shù)據(jù)As a result of these 69 interviews, we have about 3,500 instances of (ay) and 1,500 instances of (

13、aw) as the basic data for this study.The social motivation of a sound change 14The social motivation of a sound change 實(shí)驗(yàn)語音學(xué)概要15The social motivation of a sound change 16The Social Meaning of CentralizationThe social motivation of a sound change 17The social motivation of a sound change 18Casestudy

14、2: NYC Department store (1966)pHighest ranking: Saks Fifth Avenueat 50th St. and Fifth Ave., near the center of the high fashionshopping district, along with other high prestige stores such asBonwit Teller, Henri Bendel, Lord and Taylor.pMiddle ranking: Macys Herald Square34th St. and Sixth Ave., ne

15、ar the garment district,along with Gimbels and Saks-34th St., other middle rangestores in price and prestige.pLowest ranking: S. Klein Union Square14th St. and Broadway, not far from the LowerEast Side; the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recentlyraised its price and advertising level and m

16、oved uptown.The social stratification of English in New York City19調(diào)查方法pThe interviewer approached the informant in the role of a customer asking for directions to a particular department. The department was one which was located on the fourth floor. pWhen the interviewer asked, “Excuse me, where ar

17、e the womens shoes?” the answer would normally be, “Fourth floor.”pThe interviewer then leaned forward and said, “Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style under emphatic stress.pThe interviewer would then move along the aisle of the store to

18、 a point immediately beyond the informants view, and make a written note of the data.The social stratification of English in New York City20調(diào)查方法pThis method of interviewing was applied in each aisle on the floor as many times as possible before the spacing of the informants became so close that it was noticed that the same question was asked before. pEach floor of the store was investigated in the same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the question was necessarily different: “Excuse me, what floor is this?”pFollowing this method, 68 interviews wer