中級財務(wù)會計(雙語)第六章

1、LOGOChapter 6 Utilization and IDepreciation v Some important concepts: Service life (or useful life) 服務(wù)年限（使用年限）服務(wù)年限（使用年限）The amount of use that the company expects to obtain from the asset before disposing of it. 資產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)處置之前，公司預(yù)期能夠獲得的資產(chǎn)服務(wù)量。處置之前，公司預(yù)期能夠獲得的資產(chǎn)服務(wù)量。The service life (or useful life) can be me

2、asured by units of time (時間單位時間單位) or by units of activity (工作量單位工作量單位). A car can be used for 10 years. A car can be driven for 10,000 miles.a. Service life (or useful life) Physical Depreciation v Some important concepts: Acquisition cost (or original cost) 取得成本取得成本（原始成本）（原始成本）b. The initial value

3、 of the asset at its acquisition 資資產(chǎn)購買時的初始價值產(chǎn)購買時的初始價值Depreciation v Some important concepts: Residual value (or salvage value) 殘值殘值The amount the company expects to receive for the asset at the end of its service life less any anticipated disposal costs 資產(chǎn)服務(wù)年限結(jié)束時，公資產(chǎn)服務(wù)年限結(jié)束時，公司預(yù)期能夠收到的扣除處置成本后的價值。司預(yù)期能夠

4、收到的扣除處置成本后的價值。c. Because residual value for many assets can be very difficult to estimate, sometimes, companies simply assume a residual value of zero.Depreciable base=acquisition cost residual value折舊基數(shù)折舊基數(shù)=取得成本取得成本 殘值殘值Depreciation v There are two types of depreciation methods: Time-based method 以

5、時間為基礎(chǔ)的方法以時間為基礎(chǔ)的方法This method allocates the depreciable base according to the passage of time. 這種方法根據(jù)資產(chǎn)這種方法根據(jù)資產(chǎn)的使用時間對折舊基礎(chǔ)進行攤銷。的使用時間對折舊基礎(chǔ)進行攤銷。The service life is measured by units of time.Activity-based method 以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的方法以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的方法 This method allocates the depreciable base according to the input or ou

6、tput of the asset. 這種這種方法根據(jù)資產(chǎn)的投入或產(chǎn)出量對折舊基礎(chǔ)進行攤銷。方法根據(jù)資產(chǎn)的投入或產(chǎn)出量對折舊基礎(chǔ)進行攤銷。1. The service life is measured by units of Time-based methods v Two time-based depreciation methods: Straight-line methodAccelerated method Sum-of-the-Years-Digits Method1.Declining Balance MTime-based methods v Straight-line meth

7、od 直線法直線法 The straight-line depreciation method allocates an equal amount of depreciable base to each year of the assets service life. 直線折舊法，在資直線折舊法，在資產(chǎn)的服務(wù)年限內(nèi)平均攤銷折舊基礎(chǔ)。產(chǎn)的服務(wù)年限內(nèi)平均攤銷折舊基礎(chǔ)。Depreciable baseAcquisition cost - residual valueAnnual Depreciation=service lifeservice life=折舊基數(shù) 取得成本 - 殘值年折舊額服務(wù)年限服

8、務(wù)年限Time-based methods v Illustration 6-1Acquisition cost: $250,000Service life: 5 yearsResidual value: $40,000250,000 40,000Annual Depreciation$42,000 per Time-based methods v Accelerated method 加速折舊法加速折舊法A depreciation method which allows faster write-offs than the straight-line method. 比比直線折舊法的折舊速

9、度更快的折舊方法。直線折舊法的折舊速度更快的折舊方法。Time-based methods v Compare accelerated method with straight-line methodStraight-line method assumes that the benefits from the use of the asset are the same each year. 直線法假設(shè)每年使用資產(chǎn)獲得的直線法假設(shè)每年使用資產(chǎn)獲得的經(jīng)濟利益是相等的。經(jīng)濟利益是相等的。Service lifeBenefits from using the Time-based methods v

10、Compare accelerated method with straight-line methodAccelerated method assumes that the asset will provide more benefits in the early years than in the later years. 加速折舊法假設(shè)資產(chǎn)早加速折舊法假設(shè)資產(chǎn)早期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益會大于后期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益。期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益會大于后期帶來的經(jīng)濟利益。Service lifeBenefits from using the Time-based methods v Accelerated meth

11、od 加速折舊法加速折舊法Sum-of-the-Years-Digits Method 年數(shù)總和法年數(shù)總和法Declining Balance Method 余額遞減法余額遞減法Time-based methods v Sum-of-the-Years-Digits (SYD) MethodThis method multiplies the depreciable base by a fraction that declines each year and results in depreciation that decreases by the same amount each year.

12、 在這種方法下，折舊在這種方法下，折舊基礎(chǔ)乘以一個逐年減小的分數(shù)，使得折舊每年以同基礎(chǔ)乘以一個逐年減小的分數(shù)，使得折舊每年以同樣的金額減少。樣的金額減少。Time-based methods v Sum-of-the-Years-Digits (SYD) Methodv Suppose n is the number of years in the assets service life.1DepreDepre. base(1)nn21DepreDepre. base(1)nn1DepreDepre. base(1)Time-based methods v Illustration 6-1Ac

13、quisition cost: $250,000Service life: 5 years (n=5)Residual value: $40,000Depreciation base=250,000 40,000=210,000Depre.(1)=210,000(5/15)=70,000Depre.(2)=210,000(4/15)=56,000Depre.(3)=210,000(3/15)=42,000Depre.(4)=210,000(2/15)=28,000Depre.(5)=210,000(1/15)=14,Time-based methods v Declining Balance

14、MethodThis method multiplies beginning-of-year book value, not depreciable base, by an annual rate that is a multiple of the straight-line rate. 這種方法是以直線法的折舊比率的這種方法是以直線法的折舊比率的一定一定倍數(shù)倍數(shù)乘以資產(chǎn)年初的賬面價值，而不是乘以折舊基乘以資產(chǎn)年初的賬面價值，而不是乘以折舊基礎(chǔ)來計算各年的折舊額。礎(chǔ)來計算各年的折舊額。Double-Declining-Balance (DDB) Method: the depreciation

15、 rate is twice the straight-line rate. 雙倍余額遞減法：折舊率為直線法折舊雙倍余額遞減法：折舊率為直線法折舊率的兩倍。率的兩倍。Time-based methods v Declining Balance Method1. Calculate the straight-line rate1 : straight-line rate : number of years in the assets service life rnrn直線法折舊率服務(wù)年限Time-based methods v Declining Balance Method2. Calcula

16、te annual depreciation1annual depre.beginning-of-year book value21 = acquisition cost - accumulated depre.2nn121 = - 2nn年折舊額每年年初賬面價值初始成本累計折舊Time-based methods v Illustration 6-1Acquisition cost: $250,000Service life: 5 yearsResidual value: $40,000Straight-line rate=1/5=20%Depreciation rate=220%=40%T

17、ime-based methods v Illustration 6-1Year BV (beg.)rDepre.Accumulated Depre.0250,00001250,00040%100,000100,0002150,00040%60,000160,000390,00040%36,000196,000454,00014,000210,000540,0000= residual value=54,000 40,Time-based methods v When using DDB method, many companies switch to the straight-line me

18、thod approximately halfway through an assets useful life. 當(dāng)使用雙倍余額遞減法時，很多公司當(dāng)使用雙倍余額遞減法時，很多公司都在資產(chǎn)使用壽命的都在資產(chǎn)使用壽命的恰當(dāng)年份恰當(dāng)年份轉(zhuǎn)為采用直線法計提轉(zhuǎn)為采用直線法計提折舊。折舊。v In China, we usually switch to the straight-line method in the last two Time-based methods v Illustration 6-1Year BV (beg.)rDepre.Accumulated Depre.0250,00001

19、250,00040%100,000100,0002150,00040%60,000160,000390,00040%36,000196,000454,0007,000210,00057,000=(54,000 40,000)/Activity-Based Methods v Activity-based depreciation methods estimate service life in terms of some measure of productivity. 以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的折以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的折舊方法，是按生產(chǎn)效率的一些度量指標來估計資產(chǎn)舊方法，是按生產(chǎn)效率的一些度量指標來估計資產(chǎn)

20、的服務(wù)壽命。的服務(wù)壽命。v The most common activity-based method is called the units-of-production method 工作工作量法量法Activity-Based Methods v The units-of-production method computes a depreciation rate per measure of activity and then multiplies this rate by actual activity to determine periodic depreciation. 工作量法工

21、作量法下，先計算每單位工作量的折舊率，再乘下，先計算每單位工作量的折舊率，再乘以實際工作量，以確定當(dāng)期折舊額。以實際工作量，以確定當(dāng)期折舊額。Activity-Based Methods acquisition cost - residual valuedepre. per unit=estimated units of production取得成本-殘值每單位工作量折舊=預(yù)計工作總量depre. per year=depre. per unitunits produced=每年折舊額 每單位工作量折舊 當(dāng)年 實際工作量Activity-Based Methodsv Illustration

22、6-1Year Units producedDepre./unitDepre.124,0001.536,000236,0001.554,000346,0001.569,00048,0001.512,000516,00039,000250,000 - 40,000depre. per unit=$1.5 per unit140,000 units210,000-36,000-54,000-69,000-12,Activity-Based Methodsv Exercise: P260 E6-1v Exercise: P260 E6-Depletionv Allocation of the cos

23、t of natural resources is called depletion. 對自然資源成本的分攤叫對自然資源成本的分攤叫折耗折耗。v The activity-based units-of-production method (以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的工作量法以工作量為基礎(chǔ)的工作量法) is widely used to calculate depletion.v Service life is measured by amount of natural resource to be extracted. 自然資源的自然資源的服務(wù)年限以預(yù)計的可開采資源數(shù)量表示。服務(wù)年限以預(yù)計的可開采資源數(shù)

24、量表示。Depletioncost of natural resourceDepletion per ton=estimated extractable tons自然資源成本每噸折耗率=預(yù)計開采噸數(shù)Depletion per year=depletion per tontons extracted=每年折耗額 每噸折耗率當(dāng)年 開采噸數(shù)Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Acquisition cost: $1,000,000Exploration cost: $800,000Development cost: $500,000Cost of equipment: $

25、600,000 (can not be included in the cost of natural resources)Residual value for the equipment: $60,000Estimated extractable tons: 1 million tonsIn 2011, 300,000 tons were extracted.In Chapter 5, we calculated: restoration cost =$468,Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Total cost of natural resource =ac

26、quisition cost + exploration cost + development cost + restoration cost =1,000,000+800,000+500,000+468,360 =$2,768,360$2,768,360Depletion per ton=$2.768 per ton1,000,000 tonsDepletion per year=$2.768 300,000 tons=830,Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Dr. Depletion 830,508 Cr. Coal mine 830,508 (accumu

27、lated depletion)Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Cost of equipment: $600,000 (can not be included in the cost of natural resources)Residual value for the equipment: $60,000How to calculate the depreciation for this equipment?The units-of-production method often is used to determine depreciation and a

28、mortization on assets used in the extraction of natural resources. 開采自然資源開采自然資源使用的資產(chǎn)，經(jīng)常采用工作量法計算折舊或攤銷。使用的資產(chǎn)，經(jīng)常采用工作量法計算折舊或攤銷。Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Cost of equipment: $600,000Residual value for the equipment: $60,000Estimated extractable tons: 1 million tonsIn 2011, 300,000 tons were extracte

29、d.600,00060,000Depreciation per ton=$0.54 per ton1,000,000 tonsDepreciation per year=$0.54 300,000 tons=$162,Depletionv Illustration 6-3 P231Dr. Depreciation expense 162,000 Cr. Accumulated depreciation 162,Depletionv Exercise: P262 E6-Amortizationv Amortization: we allocate the cost of an intangibl

30、e asset over its service or useful life. 攤銷攤銷：將：將無形資產(chǎn)無形資產(chǎn)的成本分攤到它的服務(wù)年的成本分攤到它的服務(wù)年限（或使用年限）當(dāng)中。限（或使用年限）當(dāng)中。v Two types of intangible assets:Intangible asset with a finite useful life 具有具有有限有限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)Intangible asset with an indefinite useful life 具有具有無限無限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)Amortizationv Intangibl

31、e asset with a finite useful lifev The cost of an intangible asset with a finite useful life should be amortized. 具有有限使用具有有限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)的成本應(yīng)該進行攤銷。壽命的無形資產(chǎn)的成本應(yīng)該進行攤銷。Amortizationv Amortization methodMost companies use the straight-line method for amortization.amortization baseAcquisition cost - residual v

32、alueAnnual amortization=useful lifeuseful life=攤銷基數(shù) 取得成本 - 殘值年攤銷額使用年限使用年限Amortizationv Useful lifeUseful life legal life (使用年限使用年限法律年限法律年限)v Residual valueTwo cases should be considered:The expected residual value of an intangible asset usually is zero. (residual value=0)1. If at the end of its usef

33、ul life, the intangible asset will be purchased by another company, then we use the selling price as the residual value. (residual value=selling price)Amortizationv Example: Our company purchased a patent for $500,000. It can be used for 10 years.If the patent is only used by our company, how much i

34、s the amortization base?Amortization base = acquisition cost residual value=500,000-0=500,000If we planned to sell the patent to another company after 10 years, and the selling price is $150,000. How much is the amortization base?Amortization base=500,000-150,000=350,Amortizationv Illustration 6-4 P

35、234Franchise (特許經(jīng)營權(quán)特許經(jīng)營權(quán)): $200,000Useful life of the franchise: 10 years Patent: $50,000Useful life of the patent: 8 yearsStraight-line amortization methodResidual value=0Annual amortization for the franchise:$200,00010=$20,000Annual amortization for the patent:$50,0008=$6,Amortizationv Illustratio

36、n 6-4 P234Dr. amortization expense 20,000 Cr. franchise 20,000 (accumulated amortization)Dr. amortization expense 6,250 Cr. patent 6,250 (accumulated amortization)Amortizationv Intangible asset with an indefinite useful lifev The cost of an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life should not

37、be amortized. 具有無限使用壽命（使用壽命不確定）具有無限使用壽命（使用壽命不確定）的無形資產(chǎn)的成本不應(yīng)該進行攤銷。的無形資產(chǎn)的成本不應(yīng)該進行攤銷。v The typical intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are: trademarks & Exercisev On Oct. 1, 2011, Micro Company purchased three intangible assets which are listed as follows:v The company also purchased a g

38、oodwill at $30 million. Straight-line amortization is used for all purchased intangible assets.v How much is the amortization for 2011?Intangible assetFair valueUseful life (in years)Patent 10 million5Development technology50 million4Customer list10 Impairmentv Impairment: a significant decline in v

39、alue for long-lived assets. 減值減值：長期資產(chǎn)的價值發(fā)：長期資產(chǎn)的價值發(fā)生重大減損。生重大減損。Tangible assets and finite-life intangible assets 有形資產(chǎn)和具有有限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)有形資產(chǎn)和具有有限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn) P243Indefinite-life intangible assets other than goodwill 除商譽外的具有無限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn)除商譽外的具有無限使用壽命的無形資產(chǎn) P246Goodwill 商譽商譽 PImpairmentv Tangible assets and finit

40、e-life intangible assetsv When to test for impairment? 何時測試減值？何時測試減值？When events or changes in circumstances indicate that the book value of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable 當(dāng)事項或當(dāng)事項或環(huán)境的變化表明，資產(chǎn)或資產(chǎn)組合的賬面價值可能環(huán)境的變化表明，資產(chǎn)或資產(chǎn)組合的賬面價值可能無法收回時無法收回時Impairmentv Tangible assets and finite-life intan

41、gible assetsv How to measure the impairment? 如何計量如何計量減值？減值？Impairmentv Two-step process:a) An impairment loss is required only when the undiscounted sum of future cash flows is less than book value. 只有當(dāng)未折現(xiàn)的未來現(xiàn)金只有當(dāng)未折現(xiàn)的未來現(xiàn)金流量的總和低于資產(chǎn)的賬面價值時，才應(yīng)該確認減流量的總和低于資產(chǎn)的賬面價值時，才應(yīng)該確認減值損失。值損失。Undiscounted sum of future

42、cash flowbook valueThere is no impairment loss. 未發(fā)生減值未發(fā)生減值Impairmentv Two-step process:The impairment loss is excess of book value over fair value. 減值損失等于資產(chǎn)的賬面價值超減值損失等于資產(chǎn)的賬面價值超過其公允價值的部分。過其公允價值的部分。If impairment loss was incurred,Impairment loss=book value of the asset fair value of the assetb)The pre

43、sent value of future cash flows often is used as a measure of fair value. 資產(chǎn)的公資產(chǎn)的公允價值通常等于資產(chǎn)未來現(xiàn)金流量的現(xiàn)值。允價值通常等于資產(chǎn)未來現(xiàn)金流量的現(xiàn)值。Impairmentv If an impairment loss is recognized, the written-down book value becomes the new cost for the asset. 一旦確認一項資產(chǎn)減值損失，一旦確認一項資產(chǎn)減值損失，就應(yīng)該以減值后的賬面價值作為資產(chǎn)新的成本。就應(yīng)該以減值后的賬面價值作為資產(chǎn)新的成本

44、。v Later recovery of an impairment loss is not allowed. 這種減值損失不允許在未來轉(zhuǎn)回。這種減值損失不允許在未來轉(zhuǎn)回。Impairmentv Illustration 6-9 P244A change in business indicate the book value of the asset may not be recoverable. (Impairment should be tested.) Book value of the asset=$170 million (original cost $300 million acc

45、umulated depreciation of $130 million) Undiscounted sum of future cash flows=$150 millionFair value of the asset=$135 Impairmentv Illustration 6-9 P244Two-step process: $150 million$170 million Impairment loss is incurred. Impairment loss=$170$135=$35 million Dr. Loss on impairment (資產(chǎn)減值損失資產(chǎn)減值損失) 35

46、 Cr: Equipment 35New cost of the asset=$135 milliona) Later recovery of the impairment loss is not Impairmentv Exercise: E6-24 PImpairmentv Indefinite-life intangible assets other than goodwillv When to test for impairment?Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives should be tested for impairmen

47、t at least annually (once a year). 具有無限壽命的無形資具有無限壽命的無形資產(chǎn)每年至少應(yīng)該進行一次減值測試。產(chǎn)每年至少應(yīng)該進行一次減值測試。Impairmentv Indefinite-life intangible assets other than goodwillv How to measure the impairment?v One-step process:If book value exceeds fair value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference. 如果賬面價值超過公允價值，則將二如果賬面價值超過公允價值，則將二者的差異確認為減值損失。者的差異確認為減值損失。Impairment loss=book value fair Impairmentv Goodwill v When to test for impairment?Goodwill with indefinite useful lives should be tested for impairment at le