Enneagram九型人格英文版百科

1、TheEnneagram(alsosometimescalledEnneagon)isanine-pointedgeometricfigure.ThetermderivesfromtwoGreekwords-ennea(nine)andgrammos(somethingwrittenordrawn).TheintroductionoftheEnneagramfigureiscreditedto,whointroduceditinhisteachingsasauniversalsymbolwhichdisplaysthefundamentalcosmiclaws.Gurdjieffdidnotd

2、isclosewherethefigureoriginallycamefrombesidesclaimingthatitwastheemblemofsecretsocieties.TheEnneagramfigureisnowusedforvariouspurposesinanumberofdifferentteachingsystems.InmorerecentyearsthefigurehasmostlycomeintoprominencebecauseofitsusewithwhatisoftencalledtheEnneagramofPersonality.Thefundamental

3、conceptsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareattributedtoOscarIchazo.The3stellationisofanenneagonraEnneagramsshownassequentialstellationsInanenneagramisaregularnine-sided,usingthesamepointsastheregularbutconnectedinfixedsteps.Ithastwoforms:9/2and9/4connectingevery2ndandevery4thpointsrespectively.Thereisals

4、oastarfigure,9/3,madefromtheregularenneagonpointsbutconnectedasacompoundofthreeequilateraltrianglesThemodernuseoftheEnneagramfigureisgenerallycreditedtoandhisteachingtradition.HisteachingsconcerningthefigureandwhatitrepresentsdoesnothaveanydirectconnectiontothelaterteachingsbyOscarIchazoandotherscon

5、cerningego-fixationsorpersonalitytypes.Theenneagramfigureisacirclewithninepoints.Inscribedwithinthecircleisatriangletakinginpoints9,3and6.Theinscribedfigureresemblingaweblinkstheothersixpointsinacyclicfigure1-4-2-8-5-7.Therulesofthemagicnumbercanbeappliedtotheenneagram'sexplanationsofprocesses.A

6、ccordingtoGurdjieff,theenneagramisthesymbolofthe"lawofseven"and"thelawofthree"combined(thetwofundamentallawswhichgoverntheuniverse),andthereforetheenneagramcanbeusedtodescribeanynaturalwholephenomenon,cosmos,processinlife,oranyotherpieceofknowledge.Abasicexampleofthepossibleusage

7、oftheenneagramisthatitcanbeusedtoillustrateGurdjieff'sconceptoftheevolutionofthethreetypesof'food'necessaryforaman:ordinaryfood,airandimpressions.Eachpointontheenneagraminthiscasewouldrepresentthestageandthepossibilityoffurtherevolutionoffoodatacertainstageinthehumanbody.Mostprocessesont

8、heenneagramarerepresentedthroughoctaveswherethepointsserveasthenotes;aconceptwhichisderivedfromGurdjieff'sideaofthelawofseven.Inanoctavethedevelopingprocesscomestoacriticalpoint(oneofthetrianglepoints)atwhichhelpfromoutsideisneededforittorightlycontinue.Thisconceptisbestillustratedonthekeysofthe

9、pianowhereeverywhitekeywouldrepresentanenneagramwebpoint.Theadjacentwhitekeyswhicharemissingablackkey(halfnote)inbetweenrepresenttheenneagramwebpointswhichhaveatrianglepointinbetween.Inorderthatthispointwouldpassontothenext,anexternalpushisrequired.Intheenneagramaprocessisdepictedasgoingrightaroundt

10、hecirclebeginningat9(theendingpointofapreviousprocess).Theprocesscancontinueuntilitreachespoint3.Atpointthreeanexternalaidisneededinorderthattheprocesscontinues.Ifitdoesn'treceivethe'help',theprocesswillstopevolvingandwilldevolvebackintotheformfromwhichitevolved.Theprocesscontinuesuntilp

11、oint6,andlater9,whereasimilar"push"isneeded.Iftheprocesspassespoint9,theinitialprocesswillend,whilegivingbirthtoanewone.ThelineofdevelopmentassociatedwiththeFourthWaydevelopedfromthewritingsofGurdjieff'sstudents-principally,and.TheydevelopedGurdjieff'sideasandlefttheirown|accounts.

12、ThereisanextensivebibliographydevotedtotheGurdjieff-Ouspenskytradition.AGurdjiefffoundationexistswhichclaimsanauthoritybasedonalineofsuccessiondirectlythroughMrGurdjieff.ThefoundationpreservesGurdjieff'smusicandmovementsandcontinuesitsownworkwiththeEnneagramfigure.Theenneagramasastructuredproces

13、swasstudiedbyandhisassociates.BennettshowedhowitappliedtosomethingasmundaneasarestaurantaswellastosomethingasspiritualastheBeatitudes.Itiscurrentlybeingusedtoexplicatetheideaofself-organizationinmanagement.TheEnneagramofPersonalityisderivedfrom(establishedinU.S.Court970F.2d1067,1075.2ndCircuit,1992)

14、partialunderstandingsoftheinsightsofOscarIchazo.,theBolivian-bornfounderofthe(establishedin1968).NoevidencehasappearedbeforeIchazo'sofferingsforusingtheEnneagramfigurewithconceptssuchas"egofixations"or"personalitytypes"orindeedinanywaywhereeachpointisdescribedinawaythatcanbev

15、iewedasatypology.AllhistoricaldocumentationofthiskindofterminologyappearsonlyafterIchazo'soriginalteachings.Ichazoclaimsthatsometimeinthe1950shereceivedinsightintohowcertainmechanisticandrepetitivethoughtandbehaviorpatternscanbeunderstoodinconnectionwiththeEnneagramfigureandwithwhathecalledTrial

16、ecticlogicaspartofacompleteandintegratedmodelofthehumanpsyche.ThepurposeofIchazo'steachingswastohelppeopletranscendtheiridentificationwith-andthesufferingcausedby-theirownmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatterns.Thetheorywasfoundeduponthebasicpremisethatalllifeseekstocontinueandperpetuateitselfandt

17、hehumanpsychemustfollowthesamecommonlawsofrealityassuch.Fromthis,Ichazodefinedthreebasichumaninstinctsforsurvival(Conservation,RelationsandAdaptation)andtwopolesofattractiontoself-perpetuation(SexualandSpiritual).Withabaselineofapsycheinastateofunityasaprototypicalmodel,theFixationsweredefinedasaber

18、rationsfromthisbaseline,muchastheDSMisanobservationallybasedtoolforrecognizingpersonalitydisorders.Infact,IchazohasrelatedtheFixationswiththeDSMcategoriestoshowthatFixationsaretheprecursortomentalillness.EachFixationisdiagnosedfromtheparticularexperienceofpsychologicaltraumaachildsufferswhenthechild

19、'sexpectationsarenotmetineachrespectiveInstinct.Sinceachildiscompletelyself-centeredinitsexpectations,itisinevitablethatthechildwillexperiencedisappointmentofexpectationviewedbythechildasamatterofoneofthethreefundamentalattitudes(attracted,unattractedordisinterestedaretheonlypossibleattitudes),a

20、ndthusexperiencetraumaandbegintoformmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatternsinanattempttoprotectitselffromexperiencingarecurrenceofthetrauma.Thisbasic,irrefutableunderstandingofthreefundamentalInstinctsandthreepossibleattitudesalongwiththeunderstandingthatahumanbeingcanbeinastateofunity,analyzedwithTri

21、alecticlogicformsasolidfoundationuponwhichthetheoryofFixationsisbased.Assuch,thetheoryofegoFixationshasaparticularfoundationwhichcanbetested.Theideaof"PersonalityTypes"isaninventionofintuitionwithoutanyparticularfoundationbeyondthetheoryofegoFixations,andassuchcanbeinterpretedtomeanwhateve

22、ranyoftheEnneagramofPersonalityproponentschoosesittomeanwhenevertheychoosetosointerpretit.Thusweunderstandwhythereisnospecific,solidagreementamongthevariousproponentsof"Personality"assomethingobjectiveandanythingmorethanapropositiontoobfuscatehumansuffering.Byunderstandingone'sFixation

23、sandthroughselfobservation,theholdonthemind,andsufferingcausedbytheFixations,isreducedandeventranscended.TherewasneveranintentionorpurposeinIchazo'soriginalworktousethisknowledgetoreinforceormanipulatewhatisessentiallyasourceofhumansuffering.ThereforealmostalllaterinterpretationsoftheEnneagramof

24、PersonalityareviewedbyIchazoasunfoundedandthereforemisguidedandpsychologicallyharmfulaswellasspirituallyharmful(inthesenseofcomingtoseeone'sprocessassuch)inlightofhisoriginalintentions.Inotherwords,theEnneagramMovementcanbeconsidered,inmostcases,toactuallybepromotingthestrengtheningofthebasisfor

25、thepersonalitydisorderswefindexpositionsofintheDSM.Fromthe1970sIchazo'spartialandmisunderstoodEnneagramteachingswereadaptedanddevelopedbyanumberofothers,firstbytheChilean-bornpsychiatrist,whowasamemberofatrainingprograminArica,ChilewithIchazoforsomemonthsin1969.Naranjotaughthisunderstandingofthe

26、EnneagramofPersonalitytoanumberofhisAmericanstudents,includingsomeJesuitpriestswhothentaughtittoseminarians.ItisbelievedbyEnneagramtheoriststhatthepointsoftheEnneagramfigureindicateanumberofwaysinwhichnineprincipalego-archetypalformsortypesofhumanpersonality(alsooftencalled"Enneatypes")are

27、psychologicallyconnected.Theseninetypesareoftengivennamesthatindicatesomeoftheirmoredistinctivelytypicalcharacteristics.Suchnamesareinsufficienttocapturethecomplexitiesandnuancesofthetypeswhichrequirestudyandobservationtounderstandindepth.SomebriefdescriptionsoftheEnneatypesareasfollows:Reformer,Cri

28、tic,Perfectionist-Thistypefocusesonintegrity.Onescanbewise,discerningandinspiringintheirquestforthetruth.Theyalsotendtodissociatethemselvesfromtheirflawsorwhattheybelieveareflaws(suchasnegativeemotions)andcanbecomehypocriticalandhyper-criticalofothers,seekingtheillusionofvirtuetohidetheirownvices.Th

29、eOne'sgreatestfearistobeflawedandtheirultimategoalisperfection.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"OnesisAngerandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyPerfection.UnderstressOnesexpressqualitiesofFoursandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSevens.:Helper,Giver,Caretaker-Twos,attheirbest,arecompassionate,tho

30、ughtfulandastonishinglygenerous;theycanalsobepronetobehavior,clinginessandmanipulation.Twoswant,aboveall,tobelovedandneededandfearbeingunworthyoflove.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofTwosisPrideandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyWill.UnderstressTwosexpressqualitiesofEightsandwhenrelaxe

31、dqualitiesofFours.:Achiever,Performer,Succeeder-Highlyadaptableandchangeable.Somewalktheworldwithconfidenceandunstintingauthenticity;otherswearaseriesofpublicmasks,actingthewaytheythinkwillbringthemapprovalandlosingtrackoftheirtrueself.Threesaremotivatedbytheneedtosucceedandtobeseenassuccessful.Thec

32、orresponding"deadlysin"ofThreesisDeceitandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyLaw.UnderstressThreesexpressqualitiesofNinesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofSixes.:Romantic,Individualist,Artist-Drivenbyadesiretounderstandthemselvesandfindaplaceintheworldtheyoftenfearthattheyhavenoidentityorperso

33、nalsignificance.Foursembraceindividualismandareoftenprofoundlycreativeandintuitive.However,theyhaveahabitofwithdrawingtointernalize,searchingdesperatelyinsidethemselvesforsomethingtheyneverfindandcreatingaspiralofdepression.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofFoursisEnvyandtheir"holyidea&quo

34、t;oressenceisHolyOrigin.UnderstressFoursexpressqualitiesofTwosandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofOnes.:Observer,Thinker,Investigator-Fivesaremotivatedbythedesiretounderstandtheworldaroundthem,specificallyintermsoffacts.Believingtheyareonlyworthwhattheycontribute,Fiveshavelearnedtowithdraw,towatchwithkeeneyesa

35、ndspeakonlywhentheycanshaketheworldwiththeirobservations.Sometimestheydojustthat.However,someFivesareknowntowithdrawfromtheworld,becomingreclusivehermitsandfendingoffsocialcontactwithabrasivecynicism.Fivesfearincompetencyoruselessnessandwanttobecapableandknowledgeableaboveallelse.Thecorresponding&qu

36、ot;deadlysin"oftheFiveisandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyOmniscience.UnderstressFivesexpressqualitiesofSevensandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofEights.:Loyalist,Devil'sAdvocate,Defender-Sixeslongforstabilityaboveallelse.Theyexhibitunwaveringloyaltyandresponsibility,butoncebetrayed,theyaresl

37、owtotrustagain.Theyarepronetoextremeanxietyandbehavior.Theirgreatestfearistolacksupportandguidance.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheSixisCowardiceandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyFaithandStrength.UnderstressSixesexpressqualitiesofThreesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofNines.Therearetwokin

38、dsofSixes-phobicandcounterphobic.PhobicSixeshaveatendencytorunorhidefromthingstheyfearwhilecounterphobicSixesaremorelikelytoconfronttheirfears.:Enthusiast,Adventurer,Materialist,Epicure-Sevensareadventurous,andbusywithmanyactivitieswithalltheenergyandenthusiasmofthe.Attheirbesttheyembracelifeforitsv

39、ariedjoysandwondersandtrulyliveinthemoment;butattheirworsttheydashfranticallyfromonenewexperiencetoanother,tooscaredofdisappointmenttoactuallyenjoythemselves.Sevensfearbeingunabletoprovideforthemselvesortoexperiencelifeinallofitsrichness.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"ofSevensisGluttonyandthei

40、r"holyidea"oressenceisHolyWisdom".UnderstressSevensexpressqualitiesofOnesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofFives.:Leader,Protector,Challenger-Eightsvaluepersonalstrengthandtheydesiretobepowerfulandincontrol.Theyconcernthemselveswithself-preservation.Theyarenaturalleaders,whocanbeeitherfriendly

41、andcharitableordictatoriallymanipulative,ruthless,andwillingtodestroyanythingintheirway.Eightsseekcontrolovertheirownlivesanddestinies,andfearbeingharmedorcontrolledbyothers.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheEightisLustandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyTruth.UnderstressEightsexpress

42、qualitiesofFivesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesofTwos.:Mediator,Peacemaker,Preservationist-Ninesareruledbytheirempathy.Attheirbesttheyareperceptive,receptive,gentle,calmingandatpeacewiththeworld.Ontheotherhand,theyprefertodissociatefromconflicts;theyindifferentlygoalongwithothers'wishes,orsimplywithdraw

43、,actingviainaction.Theyfeartheconflictcausedbytheirabilitytosimultaneouslyunderstandopposingpointsofviewandseekpeaceofmindaboveallelse.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"oftheNineisSlothandtheir"holyidea"oressenceisHolyLove.UnderstressNinesexpressqualitiesofSixesandwhenrelaxedqualitiesof

44、Threes.Whilstaperson'sEnneatypeisdeterminedbyonlyoneoftheego-fixations,theirpersonalitycharacteristicsarealsoinfluencedandmodifiedindifferentwaysbyalloftheothereightfixationsaswell.MostEnneagramteachersandtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheprincipalkindsofinfluenceandmodificationcomefromthetwopointsone

45、ithersideoftheirEnneatype.Thesetwopointsareknownasthe'Wings'.Observationseemstoindicate,forexample,thatOneswilltendtomanifestsomecharacteristicsofbothNinesandTwos.SomeEnneagramtheoristsbelievethatoneoftheWingswillalwayshaveamoredominantinfluenceonanindividual'spersonality,whileothersbeli

46、evethateitherWingcanbedominantatanyparticulartimedependingontheperson'scircumstancesanddevelopment.ThisaspectofEnneagramtheorywasoriginallysuggestedbyClaudioNaranjoandthenfurtherdevelopedbysomeoftheJesuitteachers.Thelinesofthetriangleandhexagonarebelievedtoindicatepsychologicaldynamicsbetweenthe

47、pointsconnecteddependingonwhetherapersonisinamorestressedorsecureandrelaxedstate.Thereforetheconnectingpointsonthelinesareusuallycalledthe'StressPoints'and'SecurityPoints'.InDonRiso'steachingstheselinesarealsocalledthe'DirectionsofIntegration'andthe'DirectionsofDisint

48、egration'ashebelievesthatthesecuritypointsalsoindicatesthe'direction'towardsgreaterpsychologicalwellbeingandthestresspointstowardspsychologicalbreakdown.Themoretraditionalunderstandingofthestressandsecuritypointsisthatwhenpeopleareinamoresecureorrelaxedstatetheywilltendtoexpressaspectsof

49、the'security'or'integration'typeassociatedwiththeirmaintypeandaspectsoftheotherdirectionwhenstressed.RelaxedorsecureOnes,forinstance,willtendtomanifestsomemorepositiveaspectsoftheSevenpersonalitytype,Onestendingtobehighlyself-inhibitorywhereasSevensgivethemselvespermissiontoenjoythem

50、oment.Ontheotherhand,stressedOneswillexpresssomemorenegativeaspectsoftheFourpersonality,particularlytheobsessiveintrospection;theyalsoshareacertainamountofself-loathingandself-inhibition.Anotheremergingbeliefabouttheseconnectionsbetweenpointsisthatpeoplemayaccessandexpressthepositiveandnegativeaspec

51、tsofbothpointsdependingontheirparticularcircumstances.TheconnectingpointsareoftenindicatedonEnneagramfiguresbytheuseofarrowsandaresometimesalsocalled'ArrowPoints'.Thesequenceofstresspointsis1-4-2-8-5-7-1forthehexagonand9-6-3-9forthetriangle.Thesecuritypointssequenceisintheoppositedirection(1

52、-7-5-8-2-4-1and9-3-6-9).Thesesequencesarefoundintherepeatingdecimalsresultingfromdivisionby7and3,respectively,bothofthosenumbersbeingimportantto'ssystem.(1/7=0.1428571.;1/3=0.3333.,2/3=0.6666.,3/3=0.9999.).Eachtypealsohasthreemaininstinctualsubtypes-theSelf-Preservation,SexualandSocialsubtypes.B

53、ecauseeachpointisdifferent,itmaybeperceivedashavingatendencytowardonesubtypeoranother.Itrequireskeenobservationandunderstandingtodiscoveraperson'stendencytowardaparticularsubtype.?Self-Preservationsubtypespaymostattentiontophysicalsurvivalneeds.?Sexualsubtypesfocusmostonintimacyandone-to-onerela

54、tionships.?Socialsubtypescaremostaboutothers,ingroupsandcommunities.Theseareverysimilartothe"needareas"ofthe-Binstrument,called"Inclusion""Control"and"Affection",exceptthatthescoreineachareacarriesequalweightintheperson'soveralpersonality,andthereisno"

55、;tendency"towardsoneoranother.TheEnneagramtypeshavealsobeenmappedto's"ThreeTrends"(MovingTowards,Against,Awayfrom),intwodimensionsof"SurfaceDirection"and"DeepDirection"(whichalsoroughlyparallelFIRO's"Expressed"and"Wanted"behavior).Eachty

56、peonthesurfacemovesoneway,butunderneathcanmoveadifferentway.Thisthendeterminestheirbehavioranditsmotivations.SevenoftheEnneagramtypescanbecorrelatedwiththetraditional.Twoadditional'sins','deceit'and'fear',arealsoincluded.?One,SurfaceDirectionDeepDirectionJAgainst(confronting)

57、0Away(withdrawing)+Towards(embracing)+Towards(ApprovalSeeking)3960Away(IdealSeeking)147Against(PowerSeeking)852asthefrustrationthatcomesfromOnesworkinghardtodothingsrightwhiletherestoftheworlddoesn'tcareaboutdoingthingsrightandnotappreciatingthesacrificesandeffortsOneshavemade.?Two-,asself-infla

58、tionoftheego,inthesenseofTwosseeingthemselvesasindispensabletoothersandtohavingnoneedswhilstalsobeingneededbyothers.?Three,inthemisrepresentationofselfbymarketingandpresentinganimagevaluedbyothersratherthanpresentinganauthenticself.?FourofsomeoneelseremindsFoursthattheycanneverbewhatanotherpersonis,

59、reawakeningtheirsenseofself-defectiveness.?Five-,asthehoardingofresourcesinanattempttominimizetheirneedsinthefaceofaworldthattakesmorethanitgives;thusisolatingFivesfromtheworld.?Six,oftenintheformofageneralizedanxietythatcan'tfindanactualsourceoffear.Sixesmaywronglyidentifyasourceoffearthroughpr

60、ojection,possiblyseeingenemiesanddangerswheretherearenone.?Seven-,notinthesenseofeatingtoomuchbut,rather,ofsamplingeverythingtheworldhastooffer(breadth)andnottakingthetimeforricherexperience(depth).?Eight,inthesenseofwantingmoreofwhatEightsfindstimulating,toapointbeyondwhichmostpeoplewouldfeeloverwh

61、elmedandstop.?Nine-,orlazinessindiscoveringapersonalagendaandinsteadchoosingthelessproblematicstrategyofjustgoingalongwithotherpeople'sagendas.BecauseofdifferencesamongteachersintheirunderstandingofthepersonalitycharacteristicsoftheninetypesandmoretheoreticalaspectsofEnneagramdynamicssomeskepticsarguethatmoreresearchneedstobedonetotesttheEnneagramasanempiricallyvalidtypology.Whileso