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1、不定式用法詳解 成分 形式主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞分詞現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞定義:在句子中充當(dāng)除了謂語(yǔ)以外的各種句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種:不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞。注:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,可以同否定詞not連用,構(gòu)成否定形式,可以帶賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的名詞,形容詞,副詞的特征;可用在句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ), 狀語(yǔ),和 定語(yǔ)等。 不定式 (原形動(dòng)詞前加to, 構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式。不定式不做謂語(yǔ),屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)不定式的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí) 態(tài)構(gòu) 成一 般 式 to do 完 成 式 to have done 進(jìn) 行 式 to be doing 一般式:不定式
2、所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在。但多數(shù)情況下是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。e.g :They often watch us play football. (同時(shí)) She hopes to go there again. (之后發(fā)生)完成式:不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前。e.g : Im glad to have seen your mother yesterday注:1)用在intended, expected, meant, hoped. promised, wanted, planned. wished. thoug
3、ht, desired, was, were等后,表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,期待或計(jì)劃的等,也用來(lái)表示先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。e.g: He wanted to have met (=had wanted to meet) you at the airport,but he didnt get there in time. 他原想去機(jī)場(chǎng)接你(事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生),但他沒(méi)及時(shí)趕到那兒。(沒(méi)接成)e.g: We planned to have done (had planned to do) good deeds for the poor people last month. 我們?cè)?jì)劃上個(gè)月為貧困
4、的人們作些好事。(沒(méi)作成)。2)用在seem. appear. think . consider. believe. 等后,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一發(fā)生e.g: The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. 相信這本小說(shuō)已被翻譯成漢語(yǔ)e.g: Im sorry to have kept you waiting .對(duì)不起讓你久等了。3) 在should (would) like, would love 等后,表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。e.g: I should like to have seen her face when she
5、read the letter.進(jìn)行式:1)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí),不定式動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí),用進(jìn)行時(shí)。e.g: They seemed to be talking about you. He pretended to be sleeping.2)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示將來(lái)。He is believed to be coming3)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示逐漸地變化 The weather seems to be improving不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)構(gòu) 成一 般 式 to be done 完 成 式 to have been done在下列情況下要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1) 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)
6、是這個(gè)不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者。e.g: She is glad to be taken to the Great Wall. This book is said to be put into English.(2) 當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞是此不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)且句中又沒(méi)有它的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)。e.g: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.(3) 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí),且不定式本身又帶有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)時(shí),e.g: She is too nervous to be told such a bad news. Im glad to be given a g
7、old ring.(4) 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)指同一人或物,不定式修飾這個(gè)表語(yǔ)名詞時(shí),且與這個(gè)名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。e.g: He is a man to be trusted(5) 不定式做賓語(yǔ),且與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。e.g: The plan to be made is a five-year plan. 不定式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)含義。(1) 當(dāng)不定式與最近的名詞(代詞)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且與句中另一個(gè)名詞(代詞)有主謂關(guān)系。e.g: He has nothing to eatIll give you a book to read(2) 當(dāng)不定式在“主+表(形容詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)中做狀語(yǔ),且句中主語(yǔ)是
8、這個(gè)不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。The text is easy to recite. (3) 當(dāng)不定式修飾there be /here be 引導(dǎo)的句子中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)。 There are two tractors to repair. Here is a baby to take care of.注:在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式;如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須被完成,則用被動(dòng)形式。 There is a lot of work to do ( Someone has to do the work) There is a lot of work t
9、o be done.( The work has to be done) (4) to let to blame 則只用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 e.g: The house is to let Im to blame不定式的句法功能1做主語(yǔ) 直接做主語(yǔ)To help each other is good.動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可用it 做形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放在句末。It is good to help each other.但如果動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ),句中又有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式做表語(yǔ)時(shí),就不使用上述的句型。 To see is to believe 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。2 做表語(yǔ)常常說(shuō)明或解釋主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容,在很
10、多情況下不定式做表語(yǔ)可轉(zhuǎn)化為做主語(yǔ)。 如:His job is to raise pigs=To raise pigs is his job表示計(jì)劃或安排A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.不久這條河上要架新橋。 表示事態(tài)發(fā)展的結(jié)果,預(yù)期的結(jié)果,不幸的命運(yùn)或預(yù)言。You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. 如果我們想繼續(xù)做朋友,你必須痛痛快快的把話說(shuō)出來(lái)。 表示情態(tài)意義,相當(dāng)與can. Could. (可能) should, ought to .(應(yīng)該),must ( 必須)The
11、 books are not to be found .這些書(shū)不應(yīng)該賣(mài)。He is nowhere to be found. 哪也找不到他。 表示“同意,命令,決定,勸告,意愿,禁止等”You must be patient if you are to succeed. 要想成功,必須有耐心。In such dry weather,the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive.不定式在系動(dòng)詞be 之后做表語(yǔ)與將來(lái)時(shí)的be+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別。 ?。㎡ur plan is to ser up another middle
12、 school. 句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is ,動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 為表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為plan,并不是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 所表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)plan 產(chǎn)生的。 ?。?We are to set up another middle school.整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為we,同時(shí)也是動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 所表示的動(dòng)作是we 產(chǎn)生的。3 做賓語(yǔ)1) 一般來(lái)說(shuō),不定式只做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),但介詞except, but后可接不定式做賓語(yǔ)。She wishes to be a musician. Peters n
13、ot going anywhere except to work.彼得除了上班之外哪也不去。特別提示: 某些動(dòng)詞后須跟不定式to do 做賓語(yǔ)afford( 有足夠的金錢(qián)或時(shí)間做); agree (同意); ask ( 要求做); attempt(嘗試做,試圖做) beg(懇求); choose(選擇); decide(決定); demand(要求); desire(希望); determine(決定) expect(期望); fail(未能); happen(碰巧); hate(不喜歡做。); help(幫助); hope(希望); learn(學(xué)習(xí)); long(渴望); manage(設(shè)
14、法做好); offer(提議); prefer(喜歡);pretend(假裝);prepare(準(zhǔn)備);promise(允諾); refuse(拒絕);remain(尚待); seem (好象)want(想要) wish(希望) wonder(感到奇怪)某些結(jié)構(gòu)后面接省to的不定式(即動(dòng)詞原形):would /had rather do, had better do, do nothing but do2)用代詞it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)放在句末。需用it代不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:find, make, think, consider, feel 等。He feels it his
15、 duty to say that you are wrong.3)有些動(dòng)詞后可用“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”做賓語(yǔ),常用的動(dòng)詞有:decide, discover, forget. inquire, know,learn, see, think, wonder. Eg: we dont know where to go.4 做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1)可接不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:advise (建議); allow(允許); ask(請(qǐng)求); beg(乞求); cause(導(dǎo)致); choose(選擇); consider(認(rèn)為); drive(驅(qū)使); encourage(鼓勵(lì)); enable(使能夠); ex
16、pect(期望); forbid(禁止); force(強(qiáng)迫); get(使); help(幫助); invite(邀請(qǐng)); intend(打算); like(喜歡);order(命令); permit(允許); persuade(勸說(shuō)); prefer(喜歡); request(請(qǐng)求); require(要求); remind(提醒);teach(教); tell(告訴); want(想要); warn(警告); wish(希望); think(認(rèn)為); trouble(麻煩)。e.g: Tell the students not to play on the street.The teac
17、her advised us to have a rest first.2)動(dòng)詞let, have, make, notice, watch, observe, feel. hear, listen to . see , look at.等后用動(dòng)詞原形做賓補(bǔ),如改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),省掉的to 要還原。e.g: I heard Mary sing last night. Mary was heard to sing last night3) tell advise. show. teach 等還可接連接代詞/連接副詞+不定式作賓補(bǔ)。e.g: The old driver showed me how t
18、o drive the car.4) think, consider, believe, suppose, suppose, know, feel , find understand, declare, imagine, take 等動(dòng)詞接不定式做賓補(bǔ),但這個(gè)不定式多為to be +adj/ adv/ ne.g: We thought him to be a naughty boy. He felt the plan to be practical5 不定式做定語(yǔ)不定式做定語(yǔ)和它所修飾名詞存在三種關(guān)系。1) 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:不定式所修飾的名詞是這個(gè)不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。e.g: I want somet
19、hing to eat He had a meeting to attend.注:如果這個(gè)不定式是vi ,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn),工具等,不定式后面要加必要的介詞。e.g: I have a house to live in Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper to write on.2) 主謂關(guān)系:不定式所修飾的名詞是這個(gè)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ) (即動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者)e.g: He is the first man to work out the problem.3) 所屬關(guān)系:不定式與所修飾的名詞存在一
20、種所屬關(guān)系??尚纬蛇@種關(guān)系的名詞有:way, need, time, plan, right, chance, opportunity, movement, reason, promise, wish. effort, struggle.e.g: Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.4) 起限定作用,表示將來(lái)e.g: The question will be discussed at the meeting to be opened in Beijing.6做狀語(yǔ)不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ),否則用for引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)。 1) 跟在某些表示感情的詞后
21、面表原因。e.g: Im sorry to have troubled you .對(duì)不起麻煩你He was surprised to learn how much shed spent 2) 做目的狀語(yǔ),既可放于句首,也可置于句末;為加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,也可用“so as to do(只能放在句尾)”或“in order to do(可放在句首或句尾)”表目的。e.g: He gets up early to read English Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly.許多農(nóng)民上化肥為的是
22、讓作物長(zhǎng)得更快。3) 做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。通常置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面,所表示的行為通常發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。 不定式短語(yǔ)表示結(jié)果時(shí),常于only連用,暗示一種“意外的結(jié)果,意想不到,不料” 不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)。so adj /adv as tosuch n as totootoenoughtoeg: He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.In 1935, he left home never to return 他離家結(jié)果一去不復(fù)返。Im too tired to walk any further tonight.My son is ol
23、d enough to go to school alone.Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply?Im not such a fool as to believe that.注:在有些句子中,tooto 可表示肯定含義。too 前有only, never, not, all, but , just, simply時(shí)( only too, all too , but too)表非常。Im only too glad to see you. 不定式符號(hào)to前有not 時(shí)。Youre too sad not to cry.too后接ea
24、sy, happy, really, willing. glad, surprise, eager, anxious等表示心情或描述性的形容詞時(shí),This book is too easy to understand.7 不定式的否定形式:句型“not+ 不定式”;“never +不定式” My father told me not to skate on the lake. 我爸爸告訴過(guò)我不要在湖上溜冰。 Father told me never to see her again. 父親告訴我不要再去看她了。特別提示:不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),否定形式不能用not to do sth. 應(yīng)用 in
25、 order not to do sth 或so as not to do sth.e.g: Im going to start now, in order not to miss the beginning. 我現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)為的是不錯(cuò)過(guò)開(kāi)頭。重點(diǎn)關(guān)注:1It is + adj for sb to do 或 It is adj of sb to do 我們常用for sb 或of sb.來(lái)做不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)。但是什么情況下用for 或of,主要從以下兩方面來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)別:A: for sb 的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。如: easy, difficult, hard, important
26、, possible, impossible. necessary, unnecessary. Interesting等。如:e.g: It is important for us to express our opinions.對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō),表達(dá)我們的意見(jiàn)是很重要的。It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.他很難改掉他的壞毛病。B: of sb 的句型一般用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如:good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly. Stupid, foolish. right . wrong . car
27、eful. careless. polite. impolite, rude 等 e.g: It is clever of him to leave that country.It was very kind of you to come to help me .你來(lái)幫我忙太好了。2 疑問(wèn)詞+不定式在句中起名詞的作用,可做主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)。e.g: How to prevent from swimming in this river is a problem. We didnt know why not to give them an exact answer at that time. He
28、 will teach us how to study.My question is when to begin the experiment.We must think of what to do next.3 不定式符號(hào)to 保留問(wèn)題有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),可用to 代替前面的不定式,這種情況常出現(xiàn)在下列動(dòng)詞之后。Expect/ hope/ wish/ mean/ prefer/care/ forget/ want/ try/plan/hate后 或出現(xiàn)在be glad/happy/,would like/ love等的后面。-Would you like to have some coffee? -Yes, Id like to但是如果在
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