直接引語與間接引語變化的一般規(guī)律

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上1. 直接引語與間接引語變化的一般規(guī)律 在直接引語中在間接引語中指示代詞thisthesethatthose時間狀語nowtodayyesterdaylast weektomorrownext yearTwo days agoThenthat day the day beforethe week beforethe next daythe next yeartwo days before地點(diǎn)狀語herethere動詞時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)左進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時一般過去時過去完成時一般將來時一般過去時過去進(jìn)行時過去完成時過去完成時（不變）過去將來時動詞變化can/maymustc

2、omebringcould/mighthad togotake 間接引語中時間與地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換參考：例如:"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. She said that she would see me there the next day.最常用的顯示如下:TODAY THAT DAY "I saw him today", she said. She said that she had seen him that day. YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE "I saw him yes

3、terday", she said. She said that she had seen him the day before. THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE "I met her the day before yesterday", he said. He said that he had met her two days before. TOMORROW THE NEXT/FOLLOWING DAY "I'll see you tomorrow", he said He said

4、 that he would see me the next day. THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYS TIME/ TWO DAYS LATER "We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later. NEXT WEEK/MONTH/YEAR THE FOLLOWING WEEK/MONTH/YEAR "I have an appointment ne

5、xt week", she said. She said that she had an appointment the following week. LAST WEEK/MONTH/YEAR THE PREVIOUS/WEEK/MONTH/YEAR "I was on holiday last week", he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. AGO BEFORE "I saw her a week ago," he said. He s

6、aid he had seen her a week before. THIS (FOR TIME) THAT "I'm getting a new car this week", she said. She said she was getting a new car that week. THIS/THAT (形容詞) THE "Do you like this shirt?" he asked He asked if I liked the shirt. HERE THERE He said, "I live here"

7、. He told me he lived there. 別的變化: 通常來說, 第一人稱代詞轉(zhuǎn)為第三人稱單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)（除非講話者在引用自己的話）:I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/herswe/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.I said: "I'm going to my friend's house.

8、" I said that I was going to my friend's house.通常來說，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時，要比直接引語時間上提前一個時態(tài):She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.變化如下:一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 "I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時 "I am reading a book", he expl

9、ained. He explained that he was reading a book 一般過去時 過去完成時 "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday 現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 "I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain 過去完成時 過去完成時 "I had just turned out the light,"

10、he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 過去完成進(jìn)行時 They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". They complained that they had been waiting for hours. 過去進(jìn)行時 過去完成進(jìn)行時 "We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living

11、 in Paris. 一般將來時 過去將來時"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. 將來進(jìn)行時 過去將來進(jìn)行時 She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". She said that she would be using the car next Friday. 2. 直接引語與間接引語變化中的三要素我們要很好地掌握直接引語變間接引語這一語法項(xiàng)目，關(guān)鍵要掌握下列“三

12、要素”。要素一：陳述句的間接引語連接詞用that，在口語中可省略。引述動詞用said, told, 等。例如： 1) He said: “Ive left my book in my room.” He told me that he had left his book in his room. 2) She said: “He will be busy.” She said that he would be busy.要素二： 疑問句的間接引語。一般疑問句后連接詞用if或whether，而引述選擇疑問句時只能用whether，引述動詞用asked，沒有間接引語的可以加一個間接賓語me, hi

13、m等，例如： She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” She asked Tom if /whether he could help her. 1) She asked, “Is this book yours or his?” She asked me whether that book was mine or his. 2) 特殊疑問句用原句中的疑問詞作連接詞，改為陳述語序。例如： The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.要素

14、三：祈使句的間接引語采用“動詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。 told 即 asked sb. (not) to do sth. ordered warned注意：引語中的呼語可改成賓語。引語中的please 去掉，動詞改為 ask 1) The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.” The teacher told the students not to waste their time. 2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.” The mother asked Tom t

15、o get up early.3. 直接引語與間接引語變化中需要注意的“五不變”在直接引語變間接引語時，還要注意以下五種不變的特殊情況。1 直接引語如果是客觀真理，諺（習(xí)）語，變間接引語時時態(tài)不變。例如： The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.” The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.” My father said practice makes perfect.2. 直接引語中被引述的部分是

16、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的，習(xí)慣性的動作或說話時情況仍然存在的，變間接引語時，時態(tài)保持不變，例如： The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.” The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day. He said, “We are still students. He said they are still students.3 直接引語如果有明確的表示過去的時間狀語，時態(tài)不變。例如： He said to me, “I was born in 1978.” He told me tha

17、t he was born in 1978. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.” The engineer said he was at college in 1967.4直接引語中凡有When， since，while 引導(dǎo)的從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，只改變主句時態(tài)，從句的時態(tài)不變。例如： He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” He said he had studied English since he was a boy. She said, “I read the

18、 book while I was waiting for a bus. She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.” Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.5如果直接引語中引述部分含有insist, suggest, dema

19、nd等引導(dǎo)的虛擬賓語從句，變間接引語時，引語中的主從句時態(tài)都不變。例如： He said, “We insisted that she start immediately. He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.” She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.另外，如果說話人轉(zhuǎn)述自己的話，人稱則可不變. 例如： I said to him, “I have finis

20、hed it.”I told him I had finished it.如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述, here不必變?yōu)閠here，come不必改為go，如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，則today, yesterday, tomorrow等狀語也不必變化。例如： She said to us, Ill come here tomorrow.” She told us she would come here tomorrow.1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）一些特殊變化 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)woman women man men child children tooth teeth foot feet person people

21、 leaf leaves half halves knife knives wife wives life lives loaf loaves potato potatoes cactus cacti focus foci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data 注意：

22、由一個詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2） 2）單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)sheep sheep fish fish species species aircraft ai

23、rcraft 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復(fù)數(shù)用 如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，phy