The water planet

1、Chap1. The Water Planet The shape and size of the Earth Global Distribution of Ocean and Land Oceans and Seas Location System1.1 The shape and size of the Earth 地球的形狀：地球的形狀：“梨梨”地球的真實(shí)形狀（實(shí)線） 理想的橢球體（虛線） The average radius is 6371km. Equatorial radius：6378.4km (6378km) Polar radius: 6356.9km(6357km) Sur

2、face Area of the Earth ： 510 million km2nVolume of the Earth ：1083.16 billion km3地球表面積：地球表面積：510*106 km2 海洋面積：海洋面積：361*106 km2 占占 70.8% 陸地面積：陸地面積：149*106 km2 占占 29.2% Flattening(扁平率)：0.0033526 Rotation Rate(角速度)： 7.292110-5s-1 (7.310-5s-1） Circumference(周長(zhǎng)) of the Earth：40008.08kmone degree of arc l

3、ength：111.13kmOne minute of arc length：1.852km Nautical Mile(1海里): one minute of arc length of latitude or longitude at the equator, or 1.852km Kts(1節(jié)): Knots per hour ,海里hour，or 0.51m/s1.2 Global Distribution of Ocean and LandAREA = 361.1 million km2VOLUME = 1,370 million km3Average DEPTH = 3,796 m

4、 AverageThe World Ocean Ocean 70.8%, Land 29.2% About 70% of the landmasses are located in the Northern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere is primarily covered with water.Land and water are not uniformly distributed on the surface of the earth.CenterLand OceanLand Hemisphere0E，38N(Near SE Spain)47%

5、53%Water Hemisphere180 E,47 S(Near NE New Zealand)11%89%陸半球陸半球海洋面積仍大于陸地面積水半球水半球海洋面積遠(yuǎn)大于陸地面積海陸分布在各緯度上是不均勻的，在南緯海陸分布在各緯度上是不均勻的，在南緯56566565之間，幾乎沒(méi)之間，幾乎沒(méi)有陸地；在北緯有陸地；在北緯6565附近，大陸卻幾乎連成一片。在緯度高于附近，大陸卻幾乎連成一片。在緯度高于8080的南極地區(qū)，主要被陸地占據(jù)；而在北極則是一片廣闊的水域。的南極地區(qū)，主要被陸地占據(jù)；而在北極則是一片廣闊的水域。45-70N:陸地面積海洋面積 The hypsographic curve(海

6、陸起伏曲線）Roughly 80% of the land surface is below an elevation of 2000 meters, while 80% of the sea floor is at a depth greater than 2000 meters1.3 Oceans and Seas1.3.1 洋、海定義及分類(lèi) 洋(ocean)：地球上連續(xù)巨大的咸水體 。面積廣闊，占海洋總面積的90.3%，深度大（平均2-3千米） 四大洋：太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和北冰洋 海(sea)：占總面積9.7%；位于大陸邊緣，被陸地、島弧分割的許多形態(tài)各異的小水體；深度淺（9 34.

7、6 1/1升 無(wú)南：5 34 10/1升 有T S 硅藻 磷蝦IOC1.4 The Sea FloorXie, S., J. Hafner, Y. Tanimoto, W. T. Liu, H. Tokinaga, and H. Xu, Bathymetriceffect on the winter sea surface temperature and climate of the Yellow and East China Seas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2228, doi:10.1029/2002GL015884, 2002.1.1 海底形態(tài)特征的比

8、較地貌類(lèi)型 定義 水深范圍 占海洋 坡度 寬度范圍 總面積海岸帶 滿潮低潮 幾十米 - - - （潮差+浪） 大陸架 低潮大坡度邊緣 6000m 1.7% 平均5 -7 40-120km大洋盆地 廣闊而平坦的地帶 40006000m 45% 0 20-0 40 -大洋中脊 長(zhǎng)而窄的高地 高10003000m 32.8% - 數(shù)百至數(shù)千公里Shore: A part of the land mass close to the sea which has been modified by the action of the sea.Continental Shelf: extends seawar

9、d from the shore with an average gradient of 1:500. Its outer limit (break-in slope) is set where the gradient increases to about 1:20 on the average to form the continental slope down to the deep sea bottom.Deep-sea bottom and sounding: From the bottom of continental slope the gradient decreases al

10、ong the continental rise to the deep-sea bottom, the last and most extensive area. Depths of 3000 to 6000m are found over 74% of the ocean basins with 1% being deeper. variety of its topography.Sills: refer to a ridge, above the average bottom level in a region , which separates one basin from anoth

11、er or ,in case of a fjord, separates the landward basin from the sea outside.中國(guó)海形態(tài)1、渤海：、渤海：(Bohai) 內(nèi)陸海，從老鐵山角（老鐵山頭）至蓬萊角（登州頭）聯(lián)線與黃海為界。 面積7.7萬(wàn)km，平均深度18m，最深83m。2、黃海：、黃海：(the Yellow Sea) 半封閉淺海，南界為啟東嘴至濟(jì)州島連線與東海相接。面積38萬(wàn)km，平均深度44m，最深超過(guò)100m。地形中央凹地。3、東海：、東海：(East China Sea) 太平洋邊緣海，水域遼闊，面積77萬(wàn)km，平均深度370m，最深2719m。

12、4、南海：、南海：(South China Sea) 面積350萬(wàn)km，平均深度1212m，最深5377m。1.5 Location System Latitude & Longitude Chart Projection Calculate the distance Longitude and Time n The Royal Naval Observatory at Greenwich, England. The brass strip set into the courtyard marks the prime meridian, the division between eas

13、t and west longitudes. Chart ProjectionCharts and maps are used to show the earths three-dimensional surface on a flat, or two-dimensional, surface. Any chart or map results in some amount of distortion of the earths true surface. The trick is to choose the type of map that gives the least distortio

14、n for the specific purpose you have in mind. Maps are made by projecting the features of the earth onto some type of surface, generally either a cylinder, a cone, or a plane tangent to the surface of the earth at some point. Chart Projections(地圖投影)Equatorial Cylindric(圓柱投影)A simple polar conic proje

15、ction(圓錐投影）A polar tangent plane projection(方位投影)Essential elementsAreaAngleOrientationEase of matchingThe compass course from Northwest Cape in Australia to Sri Lanka (1) is 315 (toward NW), the compass course from Ireland to Jamaica (2) is 225 (toward SW). Mercator Projection(墨卡托投影)Mercator Projec

16、tion(墨卡托投影)areas become more and more inflated as the distance from the equator increases. Take extreme caution when drawing conclusions about the relative sizes of countries and continents from this map! The Mollweide projection(摩爾魏特投影) is found in many geography texts and atlases of today; it goes

17、 back to the German mathematician Karl Brandon Mollweide (1774 - 1825). Mercator ProjectionNorth America (Canada and the USA, including Alaska) is . a) about half the size of Africa. b) about 80% of the size of Africa. c) about the same size as Africa. d) about 1.2 times the size of Africa. e) about

18、 1.5 times the size of Africa.Mercator ProjectionHow does Arabia compare with Greenland. Greenland is . a) about one third the size of Arabia. b) about two thirds the size of Arabia. c) about the same size as Arabia. d) about 1.3 times the size of Arabia. e) about 1.7 times the size of Arabia.North America (Canada and the USA, including Alaska) is about 80% of the size of Africa.Greenland is about two thirds the size of Arabia.Annual mean sea surface temperature, shown in Mercator projectionAnnual mean sea surface temperature, shown in Gall-Peters projectionThe