Baroque巴洛克建筑資料

1、1Baroque ArchitectureGuillermo Garma Montiel,Updated by Dr. Ana SoutoFebruary 20132The BaroqueThe Baroque refers not to an essence but rather to an operative function, to a trait. It endlessly produces folds there are all kinds of folds coming from the East, Greek, Roman, Romanesque, Gothic, Classic

2、al folds. Yet the Baroque trait twists and turns its folds, pushing them to infinity, fold over fold, one upon the other. (Deluze, Gilles: 1991, 227)http:/ religion and politics Cracks in the faith of Europe: lavish way of living abuse of the Churchs treasure Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther, 1

3、517, 95 Theses; Church of Wittenberg Catholic Counter Reformation- Council of Trent 15441563 Corrective measures Same doctrine (sacraments, no marriage for priests, works + faith; relics + indulgences) Severe and puritan: St. Theresa of Avila Absolutism4Context: religious reformation Indulgences: im

4、mediate release from purgatory. Money for St Peters in Rome 95 Theses: faith, no work; academic debate on church practice Press: excommunion in 1521 Lutheranism: Peace of Augsburg 1555 Switzerland: Zwingli, Anabaptists, Calvino (morality) England: No doctrine change with Henry VIII Edward VI: Calvin

5、ism (destruction of churches) Mary I: Catholic. Bloody Mary Elisabeth: reconciliation. Anglican5El Greco, Christ Cleans the Temple. decreed art as an essential tool for spreading the prestige and teaching of the ChurchMoffett abd Fazio, 2003, p.353The Baroque: a religious toolhttp:/www.shafe.co.uk/c

6、rystal/images/lshafe/Caravaggio_The_Calling_of_St_Matthew_1599-1600.jpg6 Political philosophers of the time tried two different political systems: The “Natural Law” The “Divine Right of Kings” The best form of government is an autocracy absolutismPolitical Thinking/encyclopedia/im

7、ages/Louis-XIV-of-France.jpg7 Natural law yielded absolutism in the work of Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) The Leviathan (1651); two main impulses driving humans: Fear of death Desire for power Social contract in exchange of securityPolitical Thinking8Political Thinking The “Divine Right of Kings” Jacque

8、s-Benigne Bossuet (1627-1704) The king ruled absolutely by will of God To oppose the King constituted rebellion against God http:/ Descartes (1596-1650) He refused to acknowledge the previous orthodox philosophical answers The relationship between the external world and the internal process of the m

9、ind Discourse on Method (1637) A technique of radical sceptical doubt to destroy his beliefs in everythingCogito ergo sum: i think therefore i amhttp:/profeblog.es/blog/filosofia/category/descartes/Modern Philosophy: the idea of tradition10Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)The enlightenment: the emergence of

10、 man from his self-imposed infancy. Infancy is the inability to use ones reason without the guidance of another” (1784)SAPERE AUDE! Have the courage to use ones reason DARE TO BE WISE!(/mgamer/Etexts/kant.html, 7/2/2012)Modern Philosophy: the idea of traditionhttp:/blogs.l

11、/pannone/tag/kant/page/2/11 The power of Reason to improve the human condition;History was progress toward human perfection.Neoclassical artModern Philosophy: the idea of traditionThe Enlightenment12The Baroque The Baroque is read against the Renaissance Develops from Renaissance and M

12、annerism: movement the Renaissance the Classical; the Baroque. a rebellious form of the Classical ideal The Baroque becomes a complex issue once the reductive formalist reading is overcomehttp:/ Vasaris terminology of exclusion: Gothic as the not-Classical Art religion/ reason The Baroque14Leon B. A

13、lberti, S. Maria Novella, Florence Classical compositions: clear, simple and mathematical relationship between the whole and its parts. Baroque compositions: multiplicity, heterogeneity and sensuality. 15 Baroque artists were concerned with: grandeur; sensuous richness; movement; emotional exuberanc

14、e; Religion Absolutismhttp:/ Vignola & Giacomo della Porta The three- dimensionality and accumulation of detail in the central bay suggests a new kind of faade compositionIl Gesu, Rome, 1568-76.17In Europe it had a wide range of diversitiesBy the start of the 17th century, most Europe was using

15、classical forms againBaroque architecture: spatial complexity and drama created by light from undisclosed sources dynamic play of concave against convex curves preference for axial and centralized spaces ellipse or oval axial and centralizedBaroque ArchitectureBorromini: Palazzo Spadahttp:/ 7/2/2012

16、The imaginative integration of painting, sculpture and architecture to create illusions and dissolve physical boundariesJulian Beever, anamorfosis19Rome Rediscover of classical ruins A vital part of the Grand Tour Rome was the papal city Major urban changes Plan for Rome by Pope Sixtus V20San Carlo

17、alle Quatro Fontane, Borrominihttp:/ Agnese, Piazza Navona, Borromini/dept/architecture/slide/ghirardo/CD2/041-CD2.jpghttp:/ Fountain in Piazza Navonahttp:/ Sixtus V (1585-1590) used Nicholas V (1447-1455) initiative to: improve circulation within the chaotic and densely populated m

18、ediaeval quarter straightening the streets and linking the seven Early Christian Churches opened opportunities for artists and architects Improvements for the wealthiest classes.Rome24Rome: Piazza del Popolohttp:/www.italy-weekly- Steps http:/i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00449/spanish-steps_

19、449606n.jpg26Gian Lorenzo Bernini St. Peters official architect from 1629 to his death (51 years) From the urban planning to interior furniture The Bronze Baldacchino (1624-1633) The Scala Regia (1663-1666) The Piazza of St. Peters (1657): the piazza retta & the piazza obliqua27The Baldacchino:s

20、olomonic columnhttp:/ Scala Regia/fm/mismis/m200115350091.jpghttp:/ Piazza of St. Peters (1657):Two parts: the piazza retta & the piazza obliqua30/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Progetto_Piazza_S.Pietro_(Bernini).jpg, 7/2/201231http:/ Guarini, Plan and Section

21、of S. Lorenzo, Turin, 1668-80. http:/ Sindone, Guarinihttp:/ and Absolutism France was the most powerful country in Europe in the 17th century. the largest population in Europe, 20m. people a firm form of government = the monarchy. Wars of Religion (1562- 1598); Internal religious and political conf

22、licts Spain (Philip II), England (Elizabeth I); Calvinism; Noble factionalism and weak royal government, Henry IVs return to Catholicism: “Paris is well worth a Mass.”36 Henry IV (1553-1610): Restored some measure of financial order, encouraged agriculture, founded new industries, built roads and ca

23、nals, expanded foreign trade through commercial treaties with Spain, England, and the Ottoman Empire, and encouraged colonization of Canada. Louis XIV (1838-1715) Centralized government37Classical but not Baroque Something in the French character did not take to the flush ecstasy of a Bernini, or th

24、e matter to Borrominesque whimsy In the new France the philosophical and intellectual life was: stoic and didactic; reason above fervour; order above exuberance; dependable regularity and sober good taste.38Versailles- In1669 Louis XIV decided to enlarge the hunting lodge./

25、gregg09/Versailles%20images/Versailles%203.jpg39Further enlargements In 1678 by Jules-Hardouin Mansart http:/ Follows Baroque architecture of Paris and Rome From the break with Roman Catholicism to the 1620s there was virtually no new churches built. Existing churches were adapted from Catholic to P

26、rotestant worship. Rise of Protestantism: breach with Rome in 1534; the Book of Common Prayer (1549). In the 1620s there was indecision over whether to adopt Gothic revival or Classicism (Inigo Jones vs. Christopher Wren).41Wren and the Great Fire The run of Palladianism was momentarily broken by wh

27、at can be called the English Baroque. The figure of Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) announced the connection to the Baroque movements He was almost the Baroque equivalent to the Renaissance man The Great Fire of London- 5th September 1666 Wren supervised 51 out of 87 churches in Londonhttps:/www.my

28、artprints.co.uk/kunst/sir_godfrey_kneller/sir_christopher_wren_1632_172_hi.jpg42St. Pauls Cathedral Paired Corinthian colonnades link with the Roman design. The two flanking towers look openly Baroquehttp:/ The finished building is a compromise. It is a Latin cross plan, but the visual/spatial power

29、 of Wrens dome carries the impression of the centrally planned St. Peters.http:/ Dome- triple-shell strategy as J-H Mansarts church of St-Louis-des-Invalides. The innermost dome is of masonry. Above this, a brick cone supports both the cupola and the wooden superstructure of the lead-covered exterior dome http:/www.vam.ac.uk/things-to-do/sites/goldenrod.vam.ac.uk.things-to-do/files/StPauls1_WEB.jpg45ReferencesBazin, Germain, 1964. Baroque and Rococo. 288p.,ill.,22cm vols: Thames & Hudson.Deleuze, Gilles and Jonathan Strauss (1991), “The Fold”, Yale French Studies , N