機(jī)械專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯課題名稱 ：一個(gè)集成的CAD / CAE / CAM系統(tǒng)在汽車沖壓模具中的應(yīng)用機(jī)械專業(yè)外文翻譯 Application of an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system for stamping dies for automobiles Bor-Tsuen Lin & Chun-Chih KuoAbstract The globalization and competition in the automobile industry makes it necessary to reduce the time spent on product

2、development. Therefore, computer aided product development has become one of the most important techniques in the automobile industry. According to the concurrent engineering concept, an integrated CAD/CAE/ CAM system for automobile stamping die development is established. The system is based on 3D

3、surface construction CAD software STRIM, CAD/CAE software CATIA, stamping formability analysis software DYNAFORM, CAM software CADCEUS, a stamping design knowledge- based system, and a product database. This paper uses the development of trunk lid outer panels as an example to showcase the power of

4、the system, in which the different development stages can be performed simultaneously. The system can greatly reduce the development time and cost, improve the product quality, and push products into the market in a relatively short time.1 Introduction Since stamping parts have considerable potentia

5、l because of their competitive productivity and performance, they have been widely used in the automotive industry. However, the manufacturing industry has three major goals: to improve product quality, to reduce development cost, and to reduce the time spent on development. In order to achieve thes

6、e goals, we need to bring in new technologies. From the manufacturing viewpoint, the major requirement for most applications of sheet metal is good formability 1. Given that part surfaces have become more and more complex and sharp-edged, we need to take advantage of formability analysis to understa

7、nd their stamping properties. In 1963, Keeler and Backofen 2 introduced the concept of forming limit diagrams (FLDs).They analyzed the shape and size for an etched circle-grid of sheet metal after it had been stamped. This technique has been widely used in sheet metal formability analysis since then

8、. Recently, software that uses a finite element method has been used to analyze and simulate sheet metalformability. Chen and Liu 3 combined circle-grid analysis with formability analysis to identify an optimal die face, so that the split defect at the drawn-cup wall in the rear floor panel could be

9、 avoided. Makinouchi 4 used formability analysis software to analyze four stamping partsfenders,trunk lid outer panels, side frame outer panels, and tire disk wheelsand to predict their blank geometry, springback, sheet thickness, residual stress, and common defects after stamping. Bigot et al. 5 de

10、veloped a methodology to validate the modeling of an aluminum forming process based on dimensional characterization and finite element comparison. Taking advantage of artificial neural network, knowledge based systems and finite element analysis, Pilani et al. 6 proposed a method for automatically g

11、enerating an optimal die face design based on die face formability parameters. Since die structures are becoming more and more complex and large-sized, we must use a solid model in die design to avoid any potential interference among the various components. Moreover, the solid model can be used for

12、building dissolve models and estimating the fragile section of die structures. Therefore, it is necessary to use a 3D CAD/CAE/CAM system to build solid models, todevelop CNC tooling path programs, and to analyze the stress of die structures when developing stamping dies. Nahm and Ishikawa 7 utilized

13、 the set-based design approach with the parametric modeling technique to handle the uncertainties that are intrinsic at early stages of the design. Park et al. 8 combined a CAD/CAM system with a knowledge-based system to develop deep drawing dies ofthe motor housing. Cheng et al. 9 used Visual C+ pr

14、ogramming to create CAD software for the conceptual design of the scroll compressor, and fabricate a real orbiting scroll part on a CNC machining center. The globalization and competition in the automotiveindustry makes it necessary to reduce the time spent on product development. Networks are widel

15、y used nowadays.As a result, Kao and Lin 10 designed a system that uses a local area network and the Internet to allow two geographicallydispersed CAD/CAM users to simultaneously work on the development of products. Kong et al. 11 developed an Internet-based collaboration system for a press die desi

16、gn process for automobile manufacturers to shear design models and analysis results. Moreover, an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system can tremendously improve productivity. Xu and Wang 12 used the multi-model technology and an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system to develop cylinder head. Yue et al. 13 took adva

17、ntage of the concurrent engineering concept and developed an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system to develop die casting dies for water pumps, which successfully reduce the development time and cost, and improve product quality. Ferreira 14 developed an integrated CAD/RP/FEA system to improve the manufactu

18、ring process for Zn casting.This paper illustrates an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system for designing stamping dies of trunk lid outer panels for automobiles using concurrent engineering (CE).2 Procedures for developing stamping dies for automobiles Once receiving the surface model of a stamping part fr

19、om an automobile manufacturer, the die manufacturer initializes the development process, which is shown in Fig. 1.Die face design is a process that uses CAD software to create 3D die faces, which include stamping part surfaces, addendums, drawbeads and binder faces, and analyzes their stamping prope

20、rties using formability analyzing software. Taking possible common defects into consideration, designers keep modifying the 3D surfaces until they obtain an optimal drawing die face, which will be used in designing dies and designing NC programs for processing die faces.Layout diagram design is the

21、process of developing the die layout diagram based on its surface model, which includes the following sub-tasks: identifying the central reference point, identifying the press direction, identifying the responsibilities of each process, designing drawing die faces, suggesting die height and indicati

22、ng press lines. Since automotive stamping dies can be very large in size, they are processed by casting in order to minimize their weight and cost. 3D CAD/CAE software must be used to design the solid model to avoid any potential interference among various components, which includes cavity, punch,st

23、rengthened ribs, functional units and/or standard parts for upper and lower die sets, and blank-holder (BH). After the die design process is finished, designers will perform motion and interference analysis on the 3D solid models and modify them if any problem is identified. Moreover, the stamping f

24、orce is very large, modification and enhancement should be made to the die structural models where necessary through structural analysis. Die manufacture includes dissolve dies manufacture, die dimension manufacture and die face manufacture. Dissolve dies are needed because die bodies are processed

25、by casting. After identifying the information needed to construct 3D solid models, designers should develop NC tooling pathprograms to make dissolve dies using CNC machines. Then, the die bodies are cast through dissolve dies. Die dimension manufacture is responsible for making all reference planes

26、and holes, such as die base planes, guiding planes, stopper planes, assembling planes, positioning holes and bolt holes. Die face manufacture generates all surfaces that will be completed in all subsequent sub-tasks. Designersuse 3D CAM software to design tooling paths, including roughing, finishing

27、, and corner finishing paths. Moreover, cutting simulation needs to be conducted to ensure the feasibility of the process. After the tooling paths have been identified, they will be posted into NC code to allow further processing by CNC machines.When the dies have been manufactured and assembled, CM

28、M (coordinate measuring machines) will measure the dimensions of the dies. If no faults are found, die tryouts will be produced. If the tryouts meet all requirements and specifications, mass production ensues. 3 The integrated CAD/CAE/CAM systems Figure 2 shows the scheme of the integrated CAD/CAE/C

29、AM system for stamping dies. This system includes a set of CAD die face design software, a set of stamping formability analyzing software, a set of CAD/CAE software, a set of CAM software, a stamping die design knowledge-based system, and a product database.Die face design is the process of designin

30、g various supporting surfaces around the stamping part surfaces. These supporting surfaces are not part of the stamping part surfaces. Therefore, the die manufacturer is responsible for the die face design. In order to ensure consistency between the stamping parts surfaces and its supporting surface

31、s, specialized surface design CAD software must be used.Commonly used commercial software includes Icem Surf by Icem, STRIM by SGI, and CATIA by Dassault.The surfaces of automotive parts are very complex and sharp-edged. Their formability cannot be predicted using previous experience. In order to en

32、sure product quality, designers need to perform formability analysis on die faces before designing stamping die. Currently, this kind of software includes DYNAFORM by ETA, PAM-STAMP by EDS, and AUTOFORM by AFE.Automotive stamping die structures include structural subcomponents, such as punch, cavity

33、, strengthened ribs, functional units, and cam mechanisms, which are used to change the stamping direction and reduce die sizes. The die faces of punch and cavity are made up of thousands ofsurfaces. These components also make the design job extremely complex. When designing layout diagrams designer

34、s use plane diagrams to illustrate layouts of dies. When designing dies, designers use solid models to construct dies that are identical to real dies. Moreover, designers use motion and interference analysis to avoid any potential interference among various components. In the meantime, structural an

35、alysis is performed to understand their stresses and strains. Related software that is available in the market includes CATIA by Dassault, PRO/ENGINEER by PTC,and UNIGRAPHICS NX by EDS.Due to the complex structure of automotive stamping dies, CNC machines should be used to manufacture stamping dies.

36、 Therefore, CAM software should be able to assist designers to generate tooling paths and provide cutting simulation. There are many CAM software packages that can support the aforementioned features, including POWERMILL by DELCAM and CADCEUS by UNISYS.The construction of a stamping design knowledge

37、-based system includes layout design and die design. The layout design includes the empirical formula for surface forming parameters, such as the thickness of sheets, die clearances, fillets radii and spring backs, and material parameters, such as modulus of elasticity, strain-hardening indices and

38、anisotropy. The die design includes the design procedures of designing dies, and design criteria and design standards of each component and standard part.Information that is needed throughout the process is stored in the product database, which can be accessed by all software in the system via the l

39、ocal network. In addition, in order to allow users to accurately and efficiently access data, all information is stored in a structured database and includes detailed information, including file names, versions,dates, and formats.In the system, all the CAD/CAE/CAM software and astamping design knowl

40、edge-based system were installed on the personal computers with a Pentium 4 3.4 GHz CPU,1024 MB RAM, 128 MB graphics, and Windows XP operating system. The product database was built on the IBM server with a Pentium 3 1.0 GHz CPU, 1024 MB RAM, 128 MB graphics, and Windows NT operating system. Thenetw

41、ork connection is a 1 GB LAN (local area network). In this paper, we use the trunk lid outer panel scaled 1/4 as an example to illustrate how to develop stamping dies.We use STRIM 100 to construct 3D surfaces for die faces.DYNAFORM 5.1 is used to perform formability analysis.CATIA V5 R13 is used to

42、conduct die layout diagram design, die design, motion and interference analysis, and structural analysis. We use CADCEUS V5 R1 for toolingpath generation and simulation, where NC programs are obtained. CNC machines use these NC programs to manufacture dies. At the same time, a stamping die design kn

43、owledge-based system is used to assist the layout design and 3D die design. Since all CAD/CAE/CAM software accepts IGES formats, we use them as communication formats between those software and the product database.Furthermore, the same 3D solid model is used throughout the entire development process

44、, where different development stages can be conducted simultaneously. Therefore, the development time is fundamentally reduced. 一個(gè)集成的CAD / CAE / CAM系統(tǒng)在汽車沖壓模具中的應(yīng)用摘要汽車制造業(yè)的全球化與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，使其在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)上的時(shí)間縮短。因此，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品開發(fā)已成為汽車工業(yè)的重要技術(shù)之一。根據(jù)并行工程的概念，汽車沖壓模具開發(fā)CAD/CAE/CAM集成系統(tǒng)建立了。該系統(tǒng)是基于三維表面結(jié)構(gòu)CAD/CADCAE軟件，沖壓成形性DYNAFORM分析軟件，CAM

45、軟件CADCEUS，沖壓設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)和產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)，本文以行李箱蓋外板的開發(fā)為例，展示了系統(tǒng)在不同的發(fā)展階段可以同時(shí)進(jìn)行的功能。該系統(tǒng)可以大大降低開發(fā)時(shí)間和成本，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，并縮短將產(chǎn)品推向市場(chǎng)的時(shí)間。關(guān)鍵詞：整合 CAD/CAE/CAM 并行工程 沖壓模具 汽車模具1 引言 由于沖壓件具有很大的潛力，因?yàn)槠渖a(chǎn)和性能具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，在汽車工業(yè)中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。然而，制造業(yè)有三個(gè)主要目標(biāo)：提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，降低開發(fā)成本，減少開發(fā)時(shí)間。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，我們需要引進(jìn)新的技術(shù)。 從制造業(yè)的角度來看，大多數(shù)板材得到應(yīng)用的主要原因是其良好的成形性。鑒于零件表面變得越來越復(fù)雜，我們需要利用成形性分析來

46、了解其沖壓性能。在1963，基勒和巴科芬介紹了成形極限圖的概念（FLDS）。他們分析了一個(gè)蝕刻已加蓋圓形網(wǎng)格的金屬板。該技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于金屬板材成形性分析中。最近，有限元軟件已被用于分析和模擬金屬板材成形性中。陳、劉結(jié)合圓網(wǎng)成形性分析，確定最佳模面，從而避免了后底板上杯壁上的分裂缺陷。牧野用成形性軟件對(duì)四個(gè)沖壓件的擋泥板、行李箱蓋外板、側(cè)圍外板、車輪和輪胎的磁盤分析，預(yù)測(cè)沖壓后其毛坯幾何回彈、板料殘余應(yīng)力等常見缺陷問題，并在三維特性和有限元比較的基礎(chǔ)上利用人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、基于知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)和有限元分析等等開發(fā)了一種建模方法來驗(yàn)證鋁的形成過程。提出了一種基于模面成形性參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成最佳模面設(shè)計(jì)方法。由于

47、模具結(jié)構(gòu)越來越復(fù)雜和大型化，在模具設(shè)計(jì)中避免各種部件之間的潛在干擾必須使用一個(gè)實(shí)體模型。此外，固體模型可以用于建筑脆弱溶解模型部分的模具結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，使用3D CAD / CAE / CAM系統(tǒng)建立實(shí)體模型，開發(fā)數(shù)控加工路徑方案，并分析沖模結(jié)構(gòu)在沖壓模具開發(fā)中的應(yīng)力是很有必要的。在設(shè)計(jì)的早期階段，納姆和石川利用集合建模技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)方法去處理內(nèi)在不確定因素，以知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)開發(fā)電機(jī)殼體拉深模具。在數(shù)控加工中心，用Visual C+編程CAD軟件為渦旋壓縮機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)制作一個(gè)真正的軌道滾動(dòng)部件。汽車制造業(yè)的全球化與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，使其在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中縮短花費(fèi)的時(shí)間是有必要的。今天網(wǎng)絡(luò)的廣泛應(yīng)用，作為一個(gè)結(jié)果

48、，高林設(shè)計(jì)了一種使用局域網(wǎng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)讓兩個(gè)地理上分散的CAD / CAM用戶同時(shí)工作的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)系統(tǒng)。多哥等開發(fā)了一種基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的汽車制造企業(yè)的沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)過程的協(xié)同系統(tǒng)，以剪切設(shè)計(jì)模型和分析結(jié)果。此外，CAD/CAE/CAM集成系統(tǒng)可以極大地提高生產(chǎn)率。徐和王采用多模型技術(shù)和CAD / CAE / CAM集成系統(tǒng)開發(fā)缸蓋，利用并行工程的概念，開發(fā)了一個(gè)CAD / CAE / CAM集成系統(tǒng)開發(fā)水泵壓鑄模具，成功地減少了開發(fā)時(shí)間和成本，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，費(fèi)雷拉為提高鋅鑄件的制造工藝開發(fā)了一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)/快速/有限元分析集成系統(tǒng)。本文采用并行工程概念為汽車行李箱蓋外板沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)CAD/CAE/CAM

49、集成系統(tǒng)（CE）。2 汽車沖壓模具的開發(fā)過程 汽車制造商生產(chǎn)一個(gè)沖壓件從建立表面模型到模具制造過程，如圖1所示。 模面設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)利用CAD軟件建立三維模面，包括沖壓件表面，補(bǔ)遺，拉延筋和膠面，并分析了其沖壓性能及使用性能的過程。在模具設(shè)計(jì)加工模具的數(shù)控加工程序，出于可能出現(xiàn)缺陷的考慮，設(shè)計(jì)師需要不斷修改三維表面，直到獲得最佳的模具型面。 版圖設(shè)計(jì)是以其曲面模型為基礎(chǔ)，開發(fā)模具版圖的過程，包括以下子任務(wù)：確定中心基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，確定沖壓方向，確定每個(gè)過程任務(wù)，設(shè)計(jì)圖紙面，指出模具的高度，并標(biāo)注尺寸線。 由于汽車沖壓模具的尺寸是非常大的，需要通過鑄造加工，以盡量減少他們的重量和成本。使用三維CADCAE軟件設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)體模型，以避免各個(gè)組成部分潛在干擾，包括腔體、沖床、加強(qiáng)筋、功能單元和/或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件上下模具、壓邊（BH）。 模具設(shè)計(jì)完成后，設(shè)計(jì)人員將三維實(shí)體模型進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)分析，如果有問題則需要修改知道正確位置。此外，沖壓的力量是非常大的，通過對(duì)模具模型結(jié)構(gòu)分析修改和加強(qiáng)是有必要的。 模具制造包括模具分散制造、模具尺寸制造和模具表面制造。模具在鑄造加工需要溶解模具，在構(gòu)建三維實(shí)體模型時(shí)確定所需的信息后，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該開發(fā)出使用數(shù)控機(jī)床的數(shù)控加工程序，使之