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1、2009年12月英語四級考試寫作提高的辦法            一、寫作問題與解決辦法            (一)存在問題            1.不會寫         &

2、#160;  所謂不會寫指的是,當考試拿過一篇文章不知如何下手,不知如何提筆進行寫作。筆者認為主要是存在以下兩個原因:一是考生的確無話可說;二是心里雖然有話,但是拿捏不準該寫哪句為妙。于是思前想后、猶豫不決,始終不敢提筆進行寫作。            2.寫不好            所謂寫不好就是,拿過作文題,沒有明確的寫作思路,不按套路出牌;或是簡單漢語邏輯思維

3、寫作,不符合英語寫作標準,近而沒有文采。原因在于:第一是平時沒有養(yǎng)成良好的寫作習慣;第二對于英語寫作的句式特點以及整體文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架不了解。            (二)解決辦法            第一,首先必須熟悉英語四級寫作具體要求。英語四級考試要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出120字的文章。體材主要有議論文(分為“Topic題型”和A&B又稱“正反觀點題”)應用文(主要

4、是書信)、圖表文等。針對不同的體裁,寫作思路是不同的。比如,以議論文舉例來說:            1.議論文寫作思路            2.議論文分類:闡述主題型作文(Topic);正反觀點型作文(A&B)            3.闡述主題型作文寫作:

5、(這類題型作文要求從一句話或一個主題出發(fā),按照提綱的要求進行論述)            (1)基本寫作格式            4. 正反觀點型作文(A&B)(這類題型作文通常從正反兩方面來分別論述,最后得出你自己的結(jié)論。采用論點加論據(jù)寫作形式。)          

6、  (1)基本寫作格式            第二,熟悉英語寫作的幾個重要概念。            1.英語文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點            英語文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般有三部分構(gòu)成:主題句+擴展句+結(jié)尾句    &#

7、160;       (1)主題句:所謂主題句,就是英語文章段落的中心思想句。它是英語文章段落的靈魂,在英語文章段落中居于主導地位。我們都知道英語文章一般喜歡開門見山,所以主題句一般位于英語文章段落的句首。其他句子都要圍繞它而展開。            (2)擴展句:所謂擴展句就是為主題句起解釋說明或論證的句子。通常我們寫擴展句所采用的方法是舉例子(for example, for    

8、60;        instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列數(shù)據(jù)(according to the             recent study/survey,-)等。            (3)結(jié)尾句:所謂結(jié)尾句就是總結(jié)句。英語寫作也類似于漢語寫作

9、,最后再把自己本段落的寫作目的陳述一下。但是在英語寫作中結(jié)尾句畢竟還是少數(shù)。            因此我們通??吹接⒄Z的文章段落結(jié)構(gòu) 60%-70%都是由主題句+擴展句構(gòu)成。            2.主旨句            作為主旨句就是英語文章的中心思想句。

10、英語文章一般首先用一句話概括一下作者的寫作目的或意圖,我們就把這句話稱之為主旨句。沒有受過寫作訓練的考生是不會寫主旨句的。因此這樣的文章就不能夠稱之為好的英語文章,自然也得不到閱卷人的青睞了。            第三,學會遣詞造句            1.遣詞:         &#

11、160;  (1)詞匯等級            所謂詞匯的等級就是,我們在寫作的過程中,如果想出一個基本詞匯來之后,能夠在這個基本詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上把它在提升一下,也就是我們一般寫作所提倡的用“難詞”。比如,我們一提到“重要的”,大多數(shù)同學首先會想到“important”這個單詞,那么提升一下的話就可以想到它的如下同義詞:significant,            

12、vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc            (2)詞匯準確性            所謂詞匯的準確性是指,我們在有一個詞近而想到它的同義詞之后,要結(jié)合語境選擇恰當?shù)挠迷~。在這里必須指明的是,并不是詞匯等級越高越好,必須還要考慮到適合于不同的語境。比如,眼睛大,這個“大的”形容詞,我們首先會想到big,近而想到

13、great,             large, huge, vast, titanic,             。那么是不是用后面的詞就可以了呢?或者說用上enormous等詞更能博得閱卷人的好感呢?答案是否定的。在這里很明顯用后面的詞來修飾眼睛是不可以,只能用big,因為我們聽過一首英文歌曲叫做“I       

14、;      am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可愛的。            2.造句:            (1)詞組            很多考

15、生平時寫作不太擅長用詞組,對于他們而言最習慣的就是想到漢語,然后對應漢語思維寫出英語句子,這種寫作只能是單詞的羅列組合,談不上什么技巧文采可言,因此,寫出來的文章必然就是所謂平淡如流水,沒有英語的味道。如果我們能夠在單詞的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步想到與之同義的詞組,那么文章就會顯得與眾不同,更具有英語的味道。比如上面所說的“重要的”這個單詞,當我們想到important的時候,如果從語法角度再稍加考慮一下,我們會想到“be             ”。因為,語法中規(guī)定:形容詞等于of加這個形容詞

16、的名詞形式。如果再提升一步,我們還學過一個常用的詞組叫做“play an             important role in-”。很多同學說自己的文章湊不夠字數(shù)或是沒有文采,那么采用詞組進行寫作是不是就可以解決以上問題了呢?            (2)句式         

17、60;  除了采用詞組,要使文章更具英語的味道,我們還需要變換句式。沒有受過正規(guī)作文訓練的考生,通常采用的句式系表。于是我們看到大多數(shù)的文章充斥著這樣的形式:I             am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University,             and I have th

18、ree years experience in Qilu Hotel.這樣流水帳式的文章顯然不能得到高分。            寫作中閱卷人喜歡的句式有以下兩種:一是插入語;二是倒裝。            第一,插入語。            所謂插入語,英語中有兩

19、種形式。一種是有兩個逗號之間引起的成分稱之為插入語;第二種是有兩個半破折號引起的成分稱之為插入語。如下所示(黑體劃線處):            Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.            Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial a

20、id,             material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by             helping us resolve and cope with our problems.         

21、   插入語的作用主個是突出主語,比如說:He, who would like to play basketball, is a good             student.            第二個作用是解釋說明,比如說:People, especially students, should work hard.   

22、;         第二,倒裝            倒裝是我們寫作中需要用到的。雖然略顯俗套,但是卻是很能滿足閱卷人的主觀感受的。常用的倒裝形式有以下幾種:            Only + 時間狀語        

23、    Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at             all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more             beautiful future.&

24、#160;           Only + 介詞詞組            Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and             make achievements.

25、0;           Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.            否定詞位于句首(hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom)        &#

26、160;   在我一生當中很難遇到這樣的人            Seldom in my  such a kind-hearted man.            地點方位名詞位于句首            In no other pla

27、ce in the world can one find such enthusiasm for             applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.            (3)修辭            無

28、論是漢語寫作還是英語寫作,修辭其實非常的重要。它是作者寫作功底具體事例地展現(xiàn)。所謂修辭包括比喻、擬人、排比等等。英語寫作中的修辭問題我已經(jīng)專門寫過一篇文章(見英語寫作幾種修辭手法)。這里僅舉一個比喻例子,還是拿“重要的”來舉例。當你用完詞組之后,如果你用上下面比如句子,則文章就會顯得神采飛揚,試比較:            The bicycle is important for us.        &#

29、160;   The bicycle is  for us.            The bicycle plays an important role in our life.            The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important  

30、;           role in our life.            The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be             parted with a moment in

31、our life.            那么很明顯,最后一個句子是我們最終拿到考場上去搏擊高分的句子。            第四,平時要注意積累            很多考生為了寫好作文也作了好多工作,課下也付出了很多,包括背誦大量的文章等等,但是提筆寫作時候,仍

32、不。問題在哪里呢?            我認為,很多考生雖然也背誦文章,但卻只是死記硬背。如果合上書本讓他復述,他們就會卡殼。就是茶壺里煮餃子,倒不出來。我們說背誦是個輸入的過程,而說和寫則是輸出的過程。我們真正需要的是把平時積累的隨時隨地用在我們的寫作中。因此,我們在注重積累的同時,一定在平時練習的時候,把他們多家運用。只有多練多用,才能真正達到學以致用,才能真正提高寫作水平。 英語四六級考試寫作中的詞匯升級作文題目是:Should One Expect a Reward When

33、 Doing a Good Deed?1. 有人做好事期望得到回報2. 有人認為應該像雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報;3. 我的觀點。變臉的步驟應該是怎么樣的:1)動詞變臉。一個句子的核心意思一般是通過名詞來表達的,譬如這句話的核心意思是REWARD,那么中間的動詞EXPECT在文章中其實是一個指示的作用,因此我們首先應該考慮的不是改動核心內(nèi)容,而是改動輔助功能選項。在EXPECT這樣一個單詞面前,我們未免覺得這個應該是高考的核心考察單詞,但是到了CET-6這樣的考試之中,我們再用這樣的單詞就未免顯得我們的低水平和低素質(zhì)。在大學英語的第一冊,我們就曾經(jīng)學過一個詞組叫做LOOK FORWARD TO D

34、OING STH表示期待的意思,另外在我們常背的六級詞匯書中,乃至更低一級的四級考試中,會經(jīng)??吹揭粋€叫做ANTICIPATE的單詞,這些單詞其實都是和EXPECT的意思屬于可以進行同義替換的單詞,我們在替換的時候首先就是要想到這些同義的動詞。另外我們在WHEN引導的從句中還看到了一個DOING這樣的動詞,此時我們腦海中需要瞬間迸發(fā)換詞的激情。涉及到做事的六級詞匯,CONDUCT這個詞非他莫屬。今后大家請牢記,為自己準備一個詞匯升級表格,將你平時學習的過程中,不斷的積累你不懂的一切單詞并將其歸納。2)名詞變臉。在閱讀理解之中,我們知道尋找關(guān)鍵詞應該是名詞,因為名詞有助于大家對于文章的中心內(nèi)容進

35、行定位,尤其是一些特有名詞。那么我們在變臉的過程中,需要考慮到的一個問題就是名詞的變形。比如說這篇文章里面,一個典型的名詞就是REWARD。在面對這樣一個既具有名詞意義,又有動詞意義的單詞,我們首選就是考慮將單詞的表達方式進行有據(jù)變化。比如我們可以考慮將REWARD變成BE REWARDED的這種被動形式,這樣就直接改變了單詞的詞性,由名詞變?yōu)閯釉~,同時這樣的改變也是一種安全的變化。當然,能力更好的同學可是嘗試不僅僅改變單詞的詞性,同時可以替換成為另外一個近義詞。REWARD表示的意思是報酬,獎勵,那么一個和它意思僅僅有小小區(qū)別但是相差不大的單詞就是AWARD。這個單詞用于表示一種官方的獎勵行

36、為。比如說奧斯卡金像獎就是OSCAR AWARD。另外可以進行詞義替換的單詞就是ONE。我們都清楚,這個題目的意思就是一個人做好事應不應該要報酬。那么表示一個人的單詞實際上太多太多了,隨便拿起來一個進行替換都是可以的,比如說MAN, INDIVIDUAL, PEOPLE, PERSON。但是在替換的過程中,我們也要考慮到替換的詞語會不會過于夸張,比如有的人用HUMAN, HUMAN BEING, 就顯得很夸張。那是表示人類的單詞,我們不會把文章上升到人類學的角度去看問題,因此我們在使用詞義替換升級的同時,應該同時避免使用夸張詞匯。全句經(jīng)過詞匯升級之后,不僅僅單詞有了升級,語法使用上,句型使用上

37、也進行了進一步的改造,使得老師瞬間對文章的整體有一種美感。升級后的句子可以寫成:Should man look forward to being rewarded when conducting a good deed? 這樣的句子就是在開頭給與老師一個徹底的印象:這個學生太牛了。下面我拿上我的一位學生寫的文章給大家詳細解析一下如何進行正文的詞匯升級,在未來的六級考試中,請大家一定謹記:詞匯升級很重要,動詞名詞排隊變,詞性近義輪流改,夸張生詞決不要。Recently, the issue, a reward expected in doing a good deed, has been sha

38、rply brought to public attention.第一段進行詞匯升級之后,形成這樣的句子:Currently, the issue that should man look forward to being rewarded when conducting a good deed is being drastically debated in public.經(jīng)過詞匯升級之后,我們清晰的看到了升級后的句子不僅僅有對于題目的徹頭徹尾的改寫,同時在用法中加入了類似currently, drastically, debate, in public這樣的六級核心詞匯,表達的意思與原句并沒

39、有太大的出入,但出來的效果顯然更加精彩。同時同學們一定會有疑問,老師為什么不用nowadays作為開頭呢?雖然他們都表達的意思都可以叫做當今,現(xiàn)在,可是nowadays在論文寫作中可以使用,在六級寫作的圖表寫作可以使用,尤其涉及到經(jīng)濟學等學科的時候是可以使用的,另外涉及到科技的發(fā)展和社會的進步的情況的時候可以使用,而本文需要闡明的是一種社會現(xiàn)象,在這種情況下,用nowadays顯得很夸張以及不合時宜。因此我們在進行詞匯升級的時候,一定要記得因地制宜,夸張生詞決不要。同時在原句中,學生用到sharply這個單詞去表示激烈地,說明學生的詞匯量有限,同義替換激烈地,在六級寫作中可以使用:drasti

40、cally, impetuously, intensely, volcanically,這些單詞來進行替換。      In some peoples opinions, it is reasonable to expect a reward when doing a good deed. First and foremost, “No pay, no gain”. Now that some efforts have been taken, people should gain rewards. Besides, if holding a e

41、xpectation of rewarding, people would be encouraged to do good deeds.第二段進行詞匯升級之后,形成這樣的句子:Some people defend that it deserves to be rewarded after a good deed has been done in that they believe that contemporary society has increasingly converted to “money worship” community. Now that expending time,

42、 dedicating effort, or even consuming money in doing good deeds, correspondently, it is appropriate to acquire rewards. Besides, rewarding those who have conducted good deeds would inspire them to do more. (最后一句話可寫可不寫)第二段主要升級的地方有:1.從單詞角度來說,原先用到的低級單詞,詞組乃至諺語的使用,比如:In some peoples opinions,reasonable,“

43、No pay, no gain”, gain,encourage,上升到defend,deserves to,converted ,money worship,community ,appropriate,acquire,correspondent,inspire之類的高端詞匯。我們可以看到,得到升級的詞匯主要還是集中在動詞方面。另外,我們在寫作的時候可以預見到的就是“No pay, no gain”一定將會成為寫作當中的高頻詞匯并且被其他考生濫用至死。那么我們就應該避免與他人的重復,一個money worship拜金主義,讓考官一眼就明白了想要表達的意思。2.既然單詞升級了,那么句型的用法自

44、然也得到了相應的升級。比如說原先是四句話解決的問題,改變之后就用三句話可以說清楚。同時連接起來相對更加通順自然,因果,并列,遞進,轉(zhuǎn)折,一氣呵成,文章的起承轉(zhuǎn)合更加通順。造成這個的根本原因就是in that這個詞組的使用。因此我們在詞匯升級的同時,一定要注意到這些基本連詞的使用技巧。3. 用以表達認為,猜測,想等心里活動的動詞有:suppose,figure,reckon,believe,presume,assume,defend,argue,reason用以表達獲得的單詞有:obtain,attain,acquire用以表達改變,轉(zhuǎn)變的單詞有:divert,convert,alter,tra

45、nsfer,transformIn spite of all these claims, most people agree that there is unnecessary to reward after doing a good deed. Most important of all, doing good deeds should originate in humans heart. Its pleasure to help others. Moreover, Leifeng, doing lots of good deeds without rewards, is regarded

46、as a model. That is to say, praise is beyond a good deed. Finally, it is a responsibility to help others in trouble.第三段進行詞匯升級之后,形成這樣的句子:In spite of above-mentioned statements, the majority still consent that it is dispensable to reward people of doing good. Take Mr. Leifeng as an example, he spent h

47、is whole frugal life in aiding and assisting others without any return. Up to the present, people commemorate him in every 5th March. He declined rewards and awards but achieved regards and respects. Therefore, doing good deeds should be based on ones beautiful mind, which is a sort of virtue out of

48、 self-consciousness. Meanwhile, doing good deeds incarnates mans social liabilities and obligations.第三段升級的地方有更多:1. 對于單詞的升級有:above-mentioned,majority,consent,dispensable,frugal, aiding and assisting,return ,Up to the present,commemorate,declined ,regards and respects,self-consciousness,incarnates,lia

49、bilities and obligations。文章中尤其重視了對押頭韻的方法寫作,使用的單詞更是一般學生不會在寫作中涉及的單詞。比如說到責任,學生會第一時間想到一個詞:responsibility。但是在文章中,既然別人都使用這樣的高頻詞匯,那么我們在給與單詞升級的時候,就要避免出現(xiàn)這樣的高頻單詞。2.文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更加的完美。開頭就帶入雷鋒同志的先進事例,通過舉例說明引出為什么不要得到回報的兩點原因。這樣的文章更能表現(xiàn)出有理推斷的寫作邏輯。通過改變我們寫作的順續(xù)就可以將文章豐滿,這也是值得我們?nèi)ソ梃b的地方。Weighing the pros and cons of these argumen

50、ts, I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view. Although it is not an error that getting rewards legally in doing good deeds, I dont think it is virtuous. How can we, being warm-hearted and well-educated people in contemporary society, not do good deeds without rewards?第四段進行詞匯升級之后,形成這樣的句子:

51、Weighing the pros and cons, I am inclined to approve the latter viewpoint. Although reward accepting can hardly be accounted for a blunder, I still deem that doing good deeds without reward should be consistently a favorable custom in the country. I hold this truth as self-evident that ask not what

52、others do for you, ask what you do for others.第四段在變臉之后1.詞匯升級的部分有:approve,viewpoint,accounted for,blunder,deem,consistently,favorable custom,在最后一段其實是表明自己的觀點的同時,對文章的中心論點進行再次的闡明和強調(diào)。與其和別人大相徑庭的結(jié)尾進行模版式的搬弄,還不如在文章的最后進行主題的升華。2.文章的最后一句話就是一篇文章的主題的再突出,用了兩句名人名言的改寫,一個是林肯總統(tǒng),一個是羅斯??偨y(tǒng)的話。讓人感覺文章的檔次瞬間上升。相比較而言,什么NO PAY

53、NO GAIN這樣的土話就請大家以后不要再用了。        在改寫完成之后,整篇文章的最后形狀是這樣的:Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?Currently, the issue that should man look forward to being rewarded when conducting a good deed is being drastically debated in public.Some people defend th

54、at it deserves to be rewarded after a good deed has been done in that they believe that contemporary society has increasingly converted to “money worship” community. Now that expending time, dedicating effort, or even consuming money in doing good deeds, correspondently, it is appropriate to acquire

55、 rewards.In spite of above-mentioned statements, the majority still consent that it is dispensable to reward people of doing good. Take Mr. Leifeng as an example, he spent his whole frugal life in aiding and assisting others without any return. Up to the present, people commemorate him in every 5th

56、March. He declined rewards and awards but achieved regards and respects. Therefore, doing good deeds should be based on ones beautiful mind, which is a sort of virtue out of self-consciousness. Meanwhile, doing good deeds incarnates mans social liabilities and obligations.Weighing the pros and cons,

57、 I am inclined to approve the latter viewpoint. Although reward accepting can hardly be accounted for a blunder, I still deem that doing good deeds without reward should be consistently a favorable custom in the country. I hold this truth as self-evident that ask not what others do for you, ask what

58、 you do for others.文章進行詞匯升級之前,最多在考官的面前能夠拿到9分,但是經(jīng)過細致的升級和改革之后,本文在實際考試中的打分至少可以得到14分。當然文章可以做得更好,但是需要的是大家能夠脫離既定的模版進行寫作,否則進行無數(shù)次的詞匯升級,哪怕是把單詞上升到GRE考試的高度上,寫出來的文章也不能做到有血有肉。在這樣一個寫作模版流行的時代,我更希望同學們能夠記住一個我自己創(chuàng)造的單詞:demodelization。我解釋的意思就是去模版化。模版不能說沒有用,它在我們考試的時候幫助我們節(jié)省了寶貴的時間去思考文章的核心,只要往里面進行拼湊就可以了??墒菂s喪失了達到作文考察的根本目的:對于

59、已經(jīng)獲取知識的合理運用。因此我們在寫作文的時候,第一個考慮的就是將自己所寫的文章進行詞匯的但方面升級,另外一點就是應該讓自己的文章盡量脫離模版來完成。模版不是萬能,單詞也不是萬能,合理的利用所學知識才是永遠的萬能。2009年6月四六級作文基本句式2009-05-12 17:10:59 作者:hss1984 來源: 瀏覽次數(shù):3934 網(wǎng)友評論 0 條 1.表示原因 1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reas

60、on for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that.6)We have good reason to believe that.例如:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,people's living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what

61、they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 注:如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握,可將其改寫成兩個句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。2.表示好處1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a

62、 lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如:Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3.表示壞處1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much

63、 harm.3)It is harmful to us.例如:However,everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4.表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient, possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think

64、 it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如:Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon, computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our

65、life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.                5.表示措施1)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should so

66、lve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如:The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.6.表示變化1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2)A great change will certainly be produced

67、in the world's communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如: Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protei

68、n,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7.表示事實、現(xiàn)狀1)We cannot ignore the fact that.2)No one can deny the fact that.3)There is no denying the fact that.4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However,that's not the case.例如:We cannot ignore the fact that industrializ

69、ation brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8.表示比較1)Compared with A,B.2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.3

70、)There is a striking contrast between them.例如:Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute to people's health by giving t

71、hem due physical exercise.       9.表示數(shù)量 1)It has increased(decreased)from.to.2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800,000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15%compared with that of January.例如:With the improvement of the living st

72、andard,the proportion of people's income spent on food hasdecreased while that spent on education has increased.再如:From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.注:"From the graph listed above

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