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1、初中英語語法詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法:1 .詞類:(1)名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念。如: boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.(2)代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .(3)形容詞(adj.):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如: good, right, white, orange .(4)數(shù)詞(num): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.(5)動(dòng)詞(v.): 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如: am, is,are,hav
2、e,see .(6)副詞(adv.):修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如:now, very, here, slowly.冠詞(art.):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a, an, the.(8)介詞(prep.):表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如 in, on, from, above.(9)連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如 and, but, before .(10) 感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如: oh, well, hi, hello.2 .句子成分:(1)主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。
3、通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。(2)謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。(3)表語在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征。名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。Mynameis Pingping .(4)賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。雙賓語:指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。問接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。He wrote me a letter .有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。He wrote a letter to me .(5)定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。(6)狀語用來
4、修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。He works hard .(他工作努力.)(7)賓語補(bǔ)足語 用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。They usuallykeep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons. / The teacherwanted me to learn French all by myself .(老師要我口之法語)注同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如:Whereis your classmate Tom ?3.構(gòu)詞法:(1) 合成法: 如:spaceship
5、, headache, basketball, playground 等等。(2) 派生法:a)派生名詞:動(dòng)詞+er/or動(dòng)詞+ing動(dòng)詞+(t)ion形容詞+ness其他,如:inventorb)派生形容詞:名詞 +y名詞+ful動(dòng)詞+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese; Englishc)派生副詞:形容詞 +ly 其它,如:slowly, angrily, full -fully, good -well, possible fpossibly(3) 轉(zhuǎn)換法:a)形容詞一動(dòng)詞,如:dry (干燥的)一dry (弄干),clean (干凈的)
6、clean (打掃,弄干凈), 等。b) 動(dòng)詞一名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。c)名詞一動(dòng)詞,如:hand(手)(傳遞),face (臉)一(面對(duì))等等。d)形容詞一副詞,如:early -early, fast -fast 等等。e)副詞一連詞,如:wher(什么時(shí)候)-(當(dāng)時(shí)候),等等。f)介詞一副詞,如:in (到里)一(在里面;在家),on(在上)一(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。二、名詞:1 .專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:(1) 專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱,第一個(gè)字母大寫,Beijing,Tom
7、專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the People's Republic of China姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示該姓氏一家人 (復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the Greens格林一家人。(2) 普通名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。2 .可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):(1) s,o,x ,sh,ch 結(jié)尾力口 es. 少數(shù)以 o 結(jié)尾只力口 s。如:photo-photos, piano-pianos.(2) 輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾,變 y 為 i ,再加 es。如:family -families,city -cities, partyf parties.(3) 以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的
8、名詞,變 f 或 fe 為 v,再力口 es。如:shelf -shelves, wolf -wolves, life Tives不規(guī)貝 U: sheep fsheep,tooth fteeth, fish ffish, child fchildren, ox foxen, goosefgeese3 .名詞所有格:表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下:(1) 表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加so Childern ' s Day(兒童節(jié)),mysister ' s book(2) 以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加'。如:Tea
9、chers ' Day(教師節(jié))(3) 有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. today ' s newspaper, ten minutes ' break (土分鐘白勺課間休息 ),China ' s population (中國(guó) 的人口).(4) 無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).注兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B' s的形式,如:Lucy and Lily ' s bedroom“
10、 of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father ' s(我父親的一位朋友),a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4 .名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題:(1) 主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was agreat invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明 )The water in the glass is very cold.(玻 璃杯里的水很冷)(2) 集體名詞(如 family, class, team, group, row, police,
11、school 等)做句子主語時(shí), a)如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.b)如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)(3) maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is_very exciting.(4) glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to ta
12、ke them.(褲子彳艮便宜,我想買)(5) a lot of后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如:Alot of students are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work.(6) there be句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)由靠近的名詞決定。There is_ a table and four chairsin the room .(7) both and連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow
13、.(你和我明天要求都來)(8) either。廠或neither nor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。 Either you or he is right. (要么是你對(duì)要么是他對(duì) )/ Neither you nor I am_going there .(你和我都不打算去那里)(9) 主語中含有 with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由 with之前的人物決定。A woman with a7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(10)表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。Two months is_
14、not a short time .( 兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a longdistance.(11) 主語中含有 half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等詞語時(shí),謂 語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定 ,Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is _ in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的)/ A third of the studentswere playing near the lake.(學(xué)生
15、的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted .(這些河流 中的 水已 經(jīng)被污染了 )(被動(dòng)句) 但是 population 一詞又有特殊情況: What' s the ,population. of . China? (中國(guó)人口是 多少?)(句子用單數(shù))/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿 拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))5 .部分名詞用法辨析:(1) sport、game match
16、 > race : sport 通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主;game意思 是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng) 賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng))/ The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. (2008 奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句)/ Our school football team won the league match (聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校
17、足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍)/ They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)(2) festival 、holiday、vacation : festival “節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間 的文娛活動(dòng);holiday (假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng) 的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如:The ShanghaiTelevision Festival will be held next month. / Sundayis a holiday and most peopl
18、e do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)(3) journey、tour、trip、travel : journey指長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思; tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip 通常指往返 定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒 有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He madeup his mind to m
19、akethe journey to Dunhuang (他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他 步行觀光去了)/ He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次)/ Did you go to Santiago during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎? ) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是彳艮危險(xiǎn)的)(4) sound、noise、voice : sound指各種聲音
20、;noise 主要指“噪音";voice 指人的“嗓音”。The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠)/ All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然問傳來幾聲槍響和聲尖叫 )/ The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold .(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒剩@個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)(5) fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用巾sh ,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;
21、fishes指許多種類的 魚。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多種類的魚 )/ Iprefer fish to meat三、代詞:1 .三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),按照“you-he一I ”的順序表達(dá)。如:Both he andj_are working at that computer company .- Who will go there ? You and me.2 .名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓 語或者表語,后面 千萬不可以 跟名詞。This is your cup,b
22、ut where is mine? / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)?。? .“of +名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。A friend of minecame to see me yesterday .( 若干朋友中一個(gè))My friend came to see me yesterday . (那個(gè)特定的朋友)4 .反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。Don't play with the knife, you might
23、hurt yourself. (不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的) 作同位語表 示強(qiáng)調(diào) The story itself is good. Only he didn' t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)5 .指示代詞:指示說明近處或遠(yuǎn)處、上文或下文、以前或現(xiàn)在的人或事物。such (這樣的人/物):指上文提過的人和物;same(同樣的人/物):指和上文提過的相同的人和物;it (這人/這物):指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時(shí)。Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情 )Do the same as the teache
24、r tells you.(按老師說的做)Who is it?_ (是誰?)-It _二s me!(是我?。? .關(guān)系代詞:用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。(1) who、which、that 、whom等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是年級(jí)的)(2) 關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat ?(你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)(3) 關(guān)系代詞which指物,如果作從句的賓語,則
25、有時(shí)省略。Have you found the book which you 10st several days ago? (你找至U幾天前丟失的_ 那本書了嗎?)(4) 關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。Can you see the man that is running along the river bank?(你看得見順著河跑的男人了嗎?)7 .連接代詞:用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句。what,who,whom,which,whose8 .不定代詞:代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。(1) some和 any :some一般用于肯定句中
26、,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如: I have somework to do today.(今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day .(他們有朝一日會(huì) 去那兒)some用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would youlike some coffee with sugar ?any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可 數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:They didn ' t have any friends here.(他們?cè)谶@里沒有朋友)/Have you got any questio
27、ns to ask? (你有問題要問嗎? ) any用于肯定句時(shí),意 思是“任何的"。Come here with any friend .(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)(2) no 和 none:no只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn))/ They had no reading books to lend .none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”如: None of them is/are in the c
28、lassroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里 )/ I have manybooks, but none is interesting .(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)(3) all 和 both :all指三者或以上的人或物。both指兩個(gè)人或物。如:I knowall of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國(guó)學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí) )/ -Would you likethis one or that one? - Both.(4) every 和 each:every只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念;e
29、ach可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念;可以放在 名詞前或后跟of短語,與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“ be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或 行為動(dòng)詞之前。every 和 each 都用作單數(shù)理解。如: Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)者B很用功 )/ They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)(5) either 和 neither :either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)&qu
30、ot; ;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè) 都不”。neither 和 either 在句子中者B用作單數(shù)。如: I don' t care muchfor what to drink. Either of the two will do.(我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行)/ -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。)(6) other、the other 和 anothe :other (另一、另一些),有
31、復(fù)數(shù)形式。Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌 ,別的就躺在草地上說話)another (另外的,冉,又)You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊? )/ I want another fourbooks.(我還要四本書)the other (另外的個(gè))This is one of your socks.
32、Where is the other one?others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others 指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。 few、little 、a few、a little :few、little “很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little 意思是“有 幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物,little 、 a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。He is very poor and he has littlemoney.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。)/ Don ' t wor
33、ry. There is still a little timeleft.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。)/ In that polar region there live few people.(在 那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人)/ You can get a few sweets from him .(你可以從他那兒 弄到一些糖果)(8) 復(fù)合不定代詞 somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。Some一般用于肯定句中;any一般用于疑問句、否定句和 條件狀語從句中。定語后置。如: Hey,Li
34、ly. There is someoneoutside the door.(嗨, 麗麗,門外有人)/ He has nothing much to do today .(他今天沒有多少事情做) so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如:I don ' t think so._ (我認(rèn)為不是(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)這樣的。)/ He lost a book. So did I.(10) a lot of、lots of 、a number of(/large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of :a lot of (或lots of )、p
35、lenty of既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;a number of / large numbers of 只可修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù),可以換為 some many a lot of、 plenty of 。a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為 much1A 10t of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢。)I don ' t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐?/p>
36、足的時(shí)間。 )I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫)I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping .(在購物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間 /金錢。)(11) none、no one、nobody:no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形 式;none “沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù) 也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒
37、有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的)Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有個(gè)人交作文。 )None of my friends came to see me that day .(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。 )9 .相互代詞:表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。each other 表示兩者之間,one anther 表示許多人之間。如: Wemust help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。)/ They sat there withouttalking to one
38、 another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。)10 .疑問代詞:用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。who whom whose what、which、whoever、whatever> whichever 主要用于特殊疑問旬中,一般放在句首??谡Z中也常用 who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用 whom如: Who(m)did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰參加你的生日聚會(huì)的?) What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了 想干什么) )注注意這個(gè)提
39、問:The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)fWhich man is your father? (哪個(gè)男人是你的父親?)四、數(shù)詞:1 .序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:1/5一one fifth ; 2/3 two thirds ; 4/7 ffour sevenths = 1/2- a half ; 1/4-a quarter ; 3/4- three quarters ; 50%ffifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).2 .序數(shù)詞前面加the時(shí),表示順序,加a/an時(shí)表示“再一、又一”。如:The t
40、hird lesson is rather difficult .(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time? (我們把 課文讀第三遍,好嗎?)五、冠詞1 .不定冠詞a / an的用法(an用在元音開頭的詞的前面):(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如: There is a dog lying on theground.(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如:A elephant is much stronger than a _man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為:一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)(3) 表示某類人或事物
41、中的任何一個(gè)。如:Heis a teacher of English.(他是英語教師。)(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如: There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room .(5) 幾個(gè)用不定冠詞的習(xí)語:a bit (一點(diǎn)),a little (一點(diǎn)),a few (幾個(gè)),a lot (許多),a kind of (一種),a pair of (一副、一雙),a number of (大量的),a piece of (一張、一片),half an hour (半小時(shí)),have a good time (玩得開心),have a col
42、d (感 冒),make a noise (發(fā)出嘈雜聲),have/take a (rest 等)等。2 .定冠詞the的用法:(1)表示特指的人或事物。如: The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(2)指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。)(3)復(fù)述前面提到過的人或事物。如: There is a_man under the tree. The man is calledRobert.(4)表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。如:The earth turns around 膽 sun.
43、(地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。)(5)用在表示方位的名詞前面。如: There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River .(6)在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)的前面。如: Who is the first one to go?(誰第一個(gè)去?)/Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)(7)常用在樂器名稱的前面。如: He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(8)用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如:
44、I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains .(9)用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如: He is from the United States of America.(10) 用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如: The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month .(11) same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same .(露西和莉莉看上去長(zhǎng)得 一樣)(12) 幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語:at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed (鋪床),inth
45、e end(最后),all the time (一直),by the way (順便說一下),on the way (在路上)等等。(13) 一些不用冠詞的情況:(1)專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如: China is a very large country.(中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó))/ Man needs air and water .(人類需要空氣和水)(2)名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時(shí)不用。如: My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)(3)周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如:He was bo
46、rn on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在 1995 年二月十八日,星期一)/ They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹)(4)(第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。 如:Menare cleverer than monkeys (5)三餐飯前不用。如: We have breakfast at home and lunch at school .(6)節(jié)、 假日前一般不用。如: OnChildren ' s Day the boys often get presen
47、ts from their parents .(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)(7)球類名詞前不用。如: The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如:They are now at People ' s Cinema.六、形容詞:1 .形容詞在句子中的位置:(1)定語時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如: a big yellow wooden wheel (一個(gè)黃色的大木輪)(2)表語時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。如:The price sounds reasonable
48、 .(這個(gè)價(jià)格聽起來算是合 理)(3)賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)放在賓語之后。如: We must try our best to keep our environment clean .(我們必須盡力保持我們的環(huán)境清潔)(4)后置的情況:a)修飾復(fù)合不定代詞。如: Something serious has happened to him .(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重 的事故)b)與表示“長(zhǎng)、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)。如:He s 1.8 metres tall .(他身高 1.8 米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離
49、地38萬公里)2 .有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析:(1) whole 與 all : the whole + 名詞; all (of) the + 名詞。如:He was busy the whole morning.(整個(gè)早晨他都很忙)/ He can remember all the words he learns .(他 能記住學(xué)過的所有單詞)(2) tall與high , short與low :指人的個(gè)子時(shí)用tall與short ;指其他事物時(shí)一般用high 與 low。如: He s very tall/short. / Tall trees are standing on both sid
50、es ofthat avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹木 )/ A few people live on high mountains .(少 量的人住在高山上)(3) real與true : real 一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”;而true則指事情或消息的可靠性, 譯為 “真實(shí)的"。 如:This is a real diamond( 鉆石)and it ' s very expensive. (這 是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的鉆石,非常貴)/ -Is that true? Yes. I heard it with my own ears .(那 真實(shí)嗎?是的,我親耳所聽)(4) i
51、nterested 與interesting 的區(qū)別:interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語或表語,B interested 則表示人對(duì)別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語。如:The manis very interesting and all the children like him.(這個(gè)人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ Thisbook is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會(huì)真正獲得享受)/ I am interested in science .(我對(duì)自然科學(xué)感興趣)(5) such 用法:such
52、 + a (n) + 名詞(單數(shù))(+ that 從旬)。如:I have never seen such a foolish (愚蠢的)boy.(我從來沒有見過這么蠢的男孩)/ He had such a terribleaccident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)(6) good與well :表示“好”時(shí),作定語或表語用good,作狀語用well ;表示“(身體)好” 時(shí)用 well .如:Doing sports is good for us.(進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)我們有益)/ Study well and makeprogr
53、ess every day.(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上)/ -How are you?I amvery well.(你 好嗎?我很好。)nice與fine : nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等;fine 一般指身體或天氣 好。如:Let' s go and share (分享)the nice cake.(我們?nèi)シ窒砟菈K美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個(gè)漂亮的姑娘)/ What a fine day! (多好的天氣! )/He 's fine recently(最近).(近來他身體不錯(cuò))(8) too much 與 much too: t
54、oo much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數(shù)量;much too 表示“太 過,過分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如:I am full because I have had too much rice. (我 飽了,因?yàn)槲页粤颂嗟拿罪垼? That coat is much too dear .(那件大衣太貴了)quick、fast與soon: quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,fast往往指運(yùn) 動(dòng)速度快,而soon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生。如: After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at h
55、ome.(匆匆地吃過早飯,他朝學(xué)校趕去,去時(shí)巴書包忘記在家)/ A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多)/ Hisfather will be back to China very soon .(他父親很快就要返回中國(guó))(10) lonely與alone : lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,意思是:“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定 語或表語;alone的意思是:“獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無人陪伴,僅作表語,(作為副詞的alone 可作狀語)。如:He lives alone but he doesn ' t feel lonely. (他一人
56、獨(dú)住,但是并 不感至U孤獨(dú))/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的人,你要和他相處好實(shí)在不易)(11) other與else : other 放在名詞前;else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little 、much, 后置,另外,or else 表示“否則”,是連詞。如:The other students are on theplayground.(其他學(xué)生在操場(chǎng)上)/ Who else can work out this maths problem? (還 有誰能解出著道數(shù)學(xué)題? )/ Th
57、is is nobody else' s money. It ' s mine.(這不是別 的什么人的錢,是我的。)/ Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說的嗎?(12) special與especial :表示事件不同尋常、過分或特殊時(shí),兩個(gè)詞可互換,但special 較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如:She pays (e)special attention to clothes. (她非常注重著裝)/ These are special chairs for small c
58、hildren.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)(13) gone、lost、missing : gone表示“丟了,沒了 ”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死 了”,作表語或賓補(bǔ),不可以作定語;lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、 表語或賓補(bǔ);missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或 賓補(bǔ)。如:My fever (高燒)is gone, but I still have a cough.(發(fā)燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽)/ The parents found the lost child at last.(家長(zhǎng)終于找到了迷路的孩子)/ Mydictionary is missing.Who ' s taken it away?(我的字典不見了,誰拿走了?)
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