醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)期末考試題型及復(fù)習(xí)范圍

1、醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)期末考試題型及復(fù)習(xí)范圍:1.An error of interpretation of this sort makes the experimental scientist cautions about giving biological significance to a sex difference when the observation is made in only one society at one period. 這一類解釋上的錯(cuò)誤使實(shí)驗(yàn)者在解讀特定社會(huì)、特定時(shí)期兩性區(qū)別的生物學(xué)意義時(shí)變得謹(jǐn)慎小心。And these remarks are not made to de

2、ny the existence of biological differences but only to encourage caution in interpreting observations.說(shuō)這些話的用意,不在否認(rèn)兩性生物學(xué)差異的存在,而只是為了提倡對(duì)觀察結(jié)果進(jìn)行解讀時(shí)多加小心。2.Drug testing employs various laboratory techniques to detect even minute traces of the metabolic breakdown products of marijuana,cocaine, and many kind

3、s of prescription drugs.藥物檢測(cè)使用各種化驗(yàn)技術(shù)來(lái)查驗(yàn)極少量的大麻、可卡因以及多種處方藥的代謝分解產(chǎn)物。If a person takes a drug overdose and loses consciousness and no one is sure which drug was consumed, physicians quickly test the urine to identify the drug and determine the best treatment for saving the patients life.如果一個(gè)人過(guò)量服藥而失去知覺(jué),又沒(méi)

4、有人確知他服用了何種藥物,醫(yī)生能很快地進(jìn)行尿檢得以確認(rèn),并決定拯救病人生命的最佳治療方案Two additional uses testing athletes and employees for drug use in the playing field or on the job are currently quite controversial.兩個(gè)額外的用途在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上或工作上,測(cè)試運(yùn)動(dòng)員和員工藥物使用的目前頗有爭(zhēng)議。3.Chymes volume and composition affect how fast the stomach empties. For example, larg

5、e meals activate more stomach receptors, these call for more forceful contraction, and emptying speeds up.食糜的量和組成影響到胃的排空速度。比如說(shuō),大量進(jìn)食觸發(fā)更多的胃壁感覺(jué)器官,感覺(jué)器官引來(lái)更強(qiáng)有力的收縮,排空的速度就加快了。4.Closely associated with the urinary system is the reproductive system,by which human life is carried on to future generations. Sper

6、m cells are produced in the testicles of the male and ejaculated through the penis into the female vagina. The fertilization of the females ovum (egg by the males sperm is called conception. It usually occurs in one of the fallopia n tubes, which the sperm reaches through active movement from the pl

7、ace of deposition. Normally, the fertilized egg then travels to the uterus where it becomes an embryo,is implanted,and develops for about 280 days(until childbirth.與泌尿系統(tǒng)緊密聯(lián)系的是生殖系統(tǒng),通過(guò)生殖系統(tǒng)人類生命得以世代延續(xù)。精子細(xì)胞在男性的睪丸里產(chǎn)生,并通過(guò)陰莖射精進(jìn)入女性陰道。女性的卵子與男性的精子結(jié)合叫受精。受精通常發(fā)生在其中一條輸卵管中,精子從存放處通過(guò)主動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)到達(dá)輸卵管。在正常情況下,受精卵接著游移到子宮,在此植入并

8、變成胚胎,然后發(fā)育約280天左右。6.Although all pathogens pose potential threats if they gain entry to the body, the chances of this occurring are actually quite small.雖然所有病原體若進(jìn)入人體都會(huì)造成潛在的威脅,但這種情況發(fā)生的可能性卻相當(dāng)小They must first overcome a number of effective barriers, many of which were established in the body prior to bi

9、rth.它們必須克服多道有效的屏障,其中許多是在出生之前就已確定的。7. Another packages the manufactured protein for transport wherever needed in the body.另一個(gè)將制成的蛋白質(zhì)加以整理,以輸送到身體需要的任何地方。8.Confusion, memory loss, and inability to distinguish reality and fantasy are all symptoms that can be caused by damage to the brain.困惑,失憶,分不清真實(shí)和幻想(癡

10、呆,這些癥狀都可因大腦損傷而出現(xiàn)。10.Bounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane, which keeps the cell contents in and undesirable material out.包裹著細(xì)胞質(zhì)的是細(xì)胞膜,它將細(xì)胞內(nèi)含物包容于細(xì)胞之內(nèi),將不需之物排斥于外,而又允許適當(dāng)?shù)臓I(yíng)養(yǎng)物和廢物通過(guò)。11.Physicians can often detect or predict heart problems by measuring the rate of the heartbeat (called the pulse and by

11、 taking the patients blood pressure.通過(guò)測(cè)量心跳的速度(脈搏和病人的血壓,醫(yī)生常常能察覺(jué)和預(yù)測(cè)心臟問(wèn)題。12.Vitamin C is supposed to improve short-term memory, some claim, as well as “cure”schizophrenia and depression. Studies ruled out its effect on the former.維生素 C 被認(rèn)為能改善短期記憶,一些人聲稱,如"治愈"精神分裂癥和抑郁癥。研究排除了它對(duì)前者的影響。13. Such a s

12、tressful state may also make a person more vulnerable to other factors present, influencing the integrity of the immune system, food behaviors, and nutritional status.這樣緊張的狀態(tài)也可能使人更容易受到其他因素存在,影響免疫系統(tǒng)的完整性,食物的行為,和營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況14.In countries where modern medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that

13、 wereonce widespread killers can now be prevented or diagnosed early and cured.在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療設(shè)施可用的國(guó)家,曾經(jīng)廣泛的傳染病殺手現(xiàn)在可以預(yù)防或早期診斷和治愈Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur.由于有了疫苗、抗生素,以及公共衛(wèi)生條件的改善,過(guò)去那些令人談虎色變的流行病,多數(shù)不大可能卷土重來(lái)。15.All the

14、specialized scientific views of the body are valid. All, however, must start from the same premise: an awareness of the bodys basic structure and functionsits anatomy andphysiology. And the bedrock principle of our present understanding of the body is that all living matter is composed of cells basi

15、cally similar in structure and function.所有有關(guān)人體的專業(yè)科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)都是有意義的,然而,所有的這些都必須從同一個(gè)前提開(kāi)始:那就是對(duì)研究人體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)。我們對(duì)身體的了解的基本原則是,所有生物都是由結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基本相似的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的。17.Studies of the cellwhat it is , what it does and how it reproduces itself have revealed it to be a fantastically complex world in itself. One of the m

16、ajor wonders of the cell is the disparity between its minuteness and the prodigiousness of its activity. Each cell is so tiny that millions of them may be found in a half-inch cube of human body tissue. Yet each comprises an almost unimaginably busy chemical laboratory with a highly ordered division

17、 of labor.(關(guān)于細(xì)胞的研究細(xì)胞是什么,它是干什么的和如何復(fù)制的已經(jīng)顯露出細(xì)胞本身那令人難以置信的復(fù)雜世界。細(xì)胞的一個(gè)主要的神奇之處在于其體積的微細(xì)與其活性之間的巨大差距。每個(gè)細(xì)胞是如此渺小,以至于數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的細(xì)胞有可能被發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)半英寸立方體大小的人體組織中。然而,每個(gè)細(xì)胞都堪比一個(gè)繁忙到難以想象的并有著高度的分工的化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。18.The human body is a remarkably complex and efficient machine. It takes in and absorbs oxygen through the respiratory system. The

18、n the oxygen-enriched blood is distributed through the cardiovascular system to all tissues. The digestive system converts digestible food to energy and disposes of the rest. The skeletal-muscular system gives form to the body. And covering almost the entire mass is the skin, the largest organ of th

19、e body. The science of the structure of this complicated” machine” is called anatomy.(人體是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜并且有效的機(jī)器。它通過(guò)呼吸系統(tǒng)吸入并且吸收氧氣。然后這富含氧的血液通過(guò)心血管系統(tǒng)被分布到所有的組織。消化系統(tǒng)將易消化的食物轉(zhuǎn)變成能量并且將剩下的不易消化的食物處理掉。骨骼肌系統(tǒng)組成了人體的形態(tài)。覆蓋這整個(gè)軀體的是皮膚,它是身體最大的器官。研究這架復(fù)雜機(jī)器結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)被稱為“解剖學(xué)”。19. One of the major systems is the skeletal-muscular system. Th

20、e body is supported and given shape by this structure, consisting of more than 200 bones and the muscles and tendons which are connected to them. They are strong but can bend at their joins. They also serve as a shield, protecting the vital internal organs from injury.(主要的系統(tǒng)之一是這個(gè)骨骼肌系統(tǒng)。人體由這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)作支撐并構(gòu)成輪

21、廓,這一結(jié)構(gòu)由200多塊骨頭和與之相連的肌肉和腱組成。它們非常的堅(jiān)韌但是能夠在關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)彎曲。它們也能提供像防護(hù)物的作用,保護(hù)內(nèi)部器官免受傷害。20. An individual with this condition will probably have a tendency to be nervous, jittery and overactive, with a pounding heart and labored respiration, able to gorge and yet still lose weight, as though all the body fires were b

22、urning out of control.這種病癥的患者常顯得緊張、惶恐不安、過(guò)分激動(dòng);心跳加速、呼吸用力、暴飲暴食卻體重下降,仿佛體內(nèi)之火的燃燒失去了控制。21.If you are exposed to an organism, either during your day-to-day life or through vaccination, you will eventually develop an active acquired immunity to that organism. Your body will produce its own antibodies, and, in most cases, you will not have to worry