小學(xué)六年級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講解及專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)

1、小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)講解與歸納（一）【一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)】一. 意義：表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情，動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)二. 構(gòu)成及變化1.be動(dòng)詞的變化?？隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy。我是一個(gè)男孩。否定句：主語(yǔ)+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker。他不是工人。一般疑問(wèn)句：Be +主語(yǔ)+其它。  如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not。特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：Where is my bike?2. 行為動(dòng)詞的變化。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第一，二人稱(chēng)及復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞為do

2、肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：We often play basketball after school。否定句：主語(yǔ)+ don't+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：we dont play basketball after school。一般疑問(wèn)句：Do +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它？如： Do you often play basketball after school l?    Yes, we do. / No, we don't。特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+以do開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句？如： What do you often do after school

3、 ?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí) ,助動(dòng)詞為does肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞三單式(+其它)。如： He swims well。否定句：主語(yǔ)+ doesnt+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：He doesnt swim well。.一般疑問(wèn)句：Does +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如：Does he swim well ?  Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't。特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+以does開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句？如： How does your father go to work?三。第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則(只有在第三人稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)的肯定句中，動(dòng)詞才用三單式)(1)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞直接

4、加s:runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs。(2)結(jié)尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前為輔音字母，結(jié)尾加es :watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes(3)動(dòng)詞末尾y前為輔音：將y改為i加es: studystudies flyflies  carrycarries  crycries但在y前如果為元音則直接加s:buys  says四。時(shí)間標(biāo)志：always , usually , often , sometimes ,every【現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

5、】一。意義當(dāng)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或正在發(fā)生的事。二。構(gòu)成：be (am, is ,are )+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞-ing形式肯定句： 主語(yǔ) +  be + 現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing (+ 其他)   Im doing my homework now 。否定句：主語(yǔ)+be+not+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他.   Im not doing my homework now。一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他？Are you doing your home work now? Yes, I am . No , Im not 。特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+

6、主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing+其他？What are you doing now ?三. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：(1)一般在動(dòng)詞末尾直接加ing,(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去掉e,再加ing，如 skate skating make making  dance dancing  write writing  have havingride riding  come coming(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，中間只有一個(gè)元音字母，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母，再加ing, 如： putting  running  beginnin

7、g  stopping swimming  shopping  joggingsitting  getting   forgetting   letting四。時(shí)間標(biāo)志now，句前的look ,listen【一般過(guò)去時(shí)】一。意義：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。二。構(gòu)成及變化1. Be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：am 和is在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。(was not=wasnt)are在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。(were not=werent)帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問(wèn)的變化和is, am,

8、are一樣，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑問(wèn)句把was或were調(diào)到句首。2.行為動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：肯定句 ：  主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 .I watched a film last Sunday 。否定句 ： 主語(yǔ)+ didnt + 動(dòng)詞原形.I didnt watch a film last Sunday 。一般疑問(wèn)句：Did + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形 ?Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didnt 。特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+ 以did 開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句 ?What did you do

9、last Sunday ?三、時(shí)間標(biāo)志：yesterday,yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)last night (week, month, year)，a moment ago , a week ago, three years agojust now,【一般將來(lái)時(shí)】一。意義：表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)?；蛑貜?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。二. 構(gòu)成及變化：一般將來(lái)時(shí)常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事。shallwill+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，沒(méi)有太多的計(jì)劃

10、性， 還用來(lái)表示意愿1. be going to +動(dòng)詞原形1.肯定句  主語(yǔ)+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份My sister is going to learn English next year. 我姐姐準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語(yǔ)。2.否定句   主語(yǔ)+be(am / is / are)not going to +動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight. 我今天晚上不打算去看電影。3.一般疑問(wèn)句 Be (am / is / are)+主語(yǔ)+going to+動(dòng)詞

11、原型+其它成份?Is your father going to play basketball with you ?No , he isnt。你父親打算和你去打籃球嗎？不。4.特殊疑問(wèn)句 特殊疑問(wèn)詞(Wh-)+一般疑問(wèn)句 ?Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.? 春節(jié)你打算在哪過(guò)？5.注意： be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)后面習(xí)慣上不跟 go ， come 等表位移的動(dòng)詞，一般用該動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示。如： Hes going to New York next week。下周他要去紐約。2.will /shall +動(dòng)詞原形(在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)是

12、第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，常用shall ,在口語(yǔ)中，所有人稱(chēng)都可以用will)1.肯定句 主語(yǔ)+will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份I (shall) write to him next week. 下周我將給他寫(xiě)信。2.否定句  主語(yǔ) + will /shall+ not + 動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份They wont watch TV this evening。今天晚上他們不看電視。3.一般疑問(wèn)句 will/shall+主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ？ 明天你和我們呆在家里好嗎？4.特殊疑問(wèn)句  &

13、#160; 特殊疑問(wèn)詞(Wh-) +一般疑問(wèn)句When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么時(shí)侯回來(lái)？三、附 :Shall I /we 常用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，而問(wèn)對(duì)方是否愿意，或者表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)，常用Will you?他們的回答比較靈活。1.Shall we go to the park ?肯定Sure , lets go 。否定 No , lets go to the cinema。2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?肯定Yes, I will. / Sure 。否定 Im sorry. Im

14、afraid I cant。四、時(shí)間標(biāo)志：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening      小學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)4種時(shí)態(tài) （二）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 定義： 1.目前存在的狀態(tài) 2.經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 標(biāo)志詞： 頻度副詞： 例：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day(week.) 謂語(yǔ)形式： 系動(dòng)詞be ( am, is, are) 行為動(dòng)詞原形（主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)V + s

15、, 或 es） 疑問(wèn)形式： 1.be 放主語(yǔ)前 2.主語(yǔ)前加do 或does (動(dòng)詞還原) 否定式： 1.be + not 2.動(dòng)詞前加 dont 或doesnt (動(dòng)詞還原) 提問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)： What do /does + 主語(yǔ)+ do? 如：She reads English every day. What does she do every day? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 定義： 表示目前正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 標(biāo)志詞： 1.提示語(yǔ)：look! Listen! 2.At +時(shí)間點(diǎn) 3.前有祈使句 謂語(yǔ)形式： Be (am, is, are ) + V-ing 疑問(wèn)形式 be 放主語(yǔ)前 否定式： b

16、e + not 提問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)： What is / are +主語(yǔ)+ doing？ 如：Were listening now. What are you doing now? 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 定義： 1.表示將要或打算做某事 2.將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 標(biāo)志詞： 1.tomorrow, the next day, this afternoon, this evening 2.next week (month, year) 3.in the year 2007 謂語(yǔ)形式： 1.be going to + V 原形 2.will + V 原形 3.go, come, leave 等用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)

17、 4.want 用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 疑問(wèn)形式： be 或will 放主語(yǔ)前 否定式： be 或 will 后加 not will not = wont 提問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)： 1.What is/ are +going to do? 2.What will + 主語(yǔ)+do? 如：He will play basketball next week. What will he do next week? 一般過(guò)去式 定義： 表示過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 標(biāo)志詞：1.yesterday, last week/ year/ month 等 2.two years ago/ in 2005 / at that

18、time謂語(yǔ)形式： 1.動(dòng)詞be 的過(guò)去時(shí)（was, were） 2.行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 疑問(wèn)形式： 1.was / were 放主語(yǔ)前 2.主語(yǔ)前加did (動(dòng)詞還原) 否定式： 1.was/ were + not 2.動(dòng)詞前加didnt (動(dòng)詞還原) 提問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)： What did + 主語(yǔ)+ do? 如：Tom did his homework last night. What did Tom do last night?一般過(guò)去時(shí) eg:He went to library. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) eg:He is going to library. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) eg:He goes to libr

19、ary. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) eg:He will go to library. eg:He is going to take the exams. *現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) eg:He has been in china for five years. eg:He has been in china since five years ago. eg:I have gone to china. 容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)互相比較1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1) I come from Shanghai(上海人） I have come from Shanghai（從上海來(lái)） 2) You read very well. (強(qiáng)

20、調(diào)能力） You've read very well. （強(qiáng)調(diào)一次剛完成的動(dòng)作） 3) I forget.(一時(shí)想不起來(lái)了） I have forgotten.（仍沒(méi)想起來(lái)，可能已回憶起來(lái)了） 4) The book is written in simple English. (表狀態(tài)） The book has been written in simple English.（表動(dòng)態(tài)，已用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)成） 5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不可能同時(shí)進(jìn)行）Every time I have seen him, he

21、9;s been reading. (強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行） 6) He is gone. (強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）He has gone （強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作和時(shí)間） 7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出開(kāi)始時(shí)） He won't come till the play has begun.（戲已開(kāi)始） 8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊密相接） After I have left school, I'll go to college.（強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)后，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作可能有間隔）

22、 9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)） 10) Where are you (在哪）Where have you been(去了哪） 2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1) He works hard.（強(qiáng)調(diào)始終如一）He is working hard.（強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在） 2) What do you do (干什么工作的）What are you doing（在干什么） 3) Here comes the bus! (表高興和

23、欣慰） The bus is coming.（汽車(chē)到來(lái)的情景） 4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差點(diǎn)把他的名字忘了） 5) You don't eat much. (強(qiáng)調(diào)胃口不大） You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀） 6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比較固定，不宜改變） The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改變） 7) Tom always comes late. Tom is alway

24、s coming late.(表示不滿，責(zé)備） 8)Tom goes to college now. Tom is going to college now.(這兩句區(qū)別不大，后者更生動(dòng)） 9） I tell you.（我可以告訴你） I'm telling you.(我告訴你吧，有感情色彩） 10) He always sleeps in the afternoon. He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味著整個(gè)下午都睡掉了） 11) I expect you to phone me. ( 幾乎等于命令） I'm expect

25、ing you to phone me.（婉轉(zhuǎn)） 12) What do you say What are you saying(你說(shuō)些什么呀，表說(shuō)話人驚訝，不滿） 12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程，逐漸感到） 13) Apples cost more these days.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)) Apples are costing more these days.(越來(lái)越貴) 14) He always

26、 thinks of others. He's always thinking of others.(表示贊揚(yáng)) 15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行) 16) I hope you'll give us some advice. I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)) 17) I must go. (我應(yīng)該去

27、)I must be going.(我該走了) 18) We can discuss this while we eat.(說(shuō)話是沒(méi)用餐) We can discuss this while we are eating.(進(jìn)餐已開(kāi)始) 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1) I've seen him this morning.(還在上午的時(shí)間里) I saw him this morning.(時(shí)間已不在上午了) 2) Who's opened the window (窗戶還在開(kāi)著) Who opened the window (與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān),窗戶可能已關(guān)上) 3) Have yo

28、u ever heard him sing (他可能不是愛(ài)唱歌) Did you ever hear him sing(你曾聽(tīng)過(guò)他唱歌嗎,他可能是歌唱家) 4) Have you ever heard of such a thing (你聽(tīng)過(guò)這種事嗎) Did you ever hear of such a thing(這種事, 你聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)嗎 是一個(gè)修辭性問(wèn)題，表示驚異。) 5) What have I done to make you so angry (對(duì)方仍生氣） What did I do to make you so angry （暗示某一過(guò)去的時(shí)間，可能對(duì)方已不生氣了。） 6) Ho

29、w has he done it (他這活干的怎么樣？強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） How did he do it（他是怎么干這活的？強(qiáng)調(diào)干活的方式） 7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在紐約） He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了） 8) He has been called a thinker. He was called a thinker.(他曾被譽(yù)為思想家） 9) You've heard what I said. (你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我的話了） You heard what I sai

30、d.（你是聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我的話的，口氣嚴(yán)厲，具有感情色彩。） 10) I've lost my pen. (筆還沒(méi)找到）I lost my pen.（筆可能找到了） 11) He has already been there. (曾去過(guò)哪） He was already there.（當(dāng)時(shí)在哪） 12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病還在延續(xù)）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了） 13) Have you slept wel

31、l (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了） Did you sleep well（暗示睡的是否舒服，滿意） 4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1) I came here after I finished middle school.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作每間隔) I came here after I had finished middle school.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有間隔,強(qiáng)調(diào)先后概念) 2) I waited till I saw him. I waited till I had seen him. (這兩個(gè)句子差不多,過(guò)去完成時(shí)更普遍) 3) We hoped he would come.(我們希望他來(lái)) W

32、e had hoped he would come.(我們本希望他來(lái)的) 4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具體一次) I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,現(xiàn)在可能不唱了) 5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我來(lái)此以前在當(dāng)兵) Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我來(lái)此以前,曾當(dāng)過(guò)兵) 6) Jim said he didn't know

33、 he was so strong.(表示Jim在說(shuō)話時(shí)仍很結(jié)實(shí)) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim說(shuō)話之前曾結(jié)實(shí)過(guò)) 7) They were friends from many years.(表示現(xiàn)在還是朋友) They had been friends for many years.(意味這友誼結(jié)束了) 8) He did the work at 6.(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間) He had done the work at 6. (6點(diǎn)工作已做完) 9) I learned French during my holid

34、ay.(強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)了) I had learned French during my holiday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)會(huì)了) 10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱著坐下) When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下) 11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明確) I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作業(yè)做完) 12) I have lived here since I was a child.(從我長(zhǎng)大成人) I have lived he

35、re since I had a child.(從我孩提時(shí)) 5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1) I read a book yesterday. (書(shū)已看完) I was reading a book yesterday.(書(shū)尚未看完) 2) The guests arrived.(客人已到) The guests were arriving.(客人陸續(xù)到達(dá)) 3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒) He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒) 4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)

36、 5) John told me about it.(告訴我了,我都知道了) John was telling me about it.(跟我談起過(guò),我想了解更多的事情) 6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已經(jīng)說(shuō)服) They were persuading me to go along with them.(還在勸說(shuō)) 7) The wind blew hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)) The wind was blowing hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)刮個(gè)不停) 8) I expected you. I was e

37、xpecting you.(客氣,表示可能等了很舊了) 9) He knocked at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性) He was knocking at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)多次性) 6. 將來(lái)一般時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1) Will he come Is he coming(時(shí)間發(fā)生的比較近) 2) How long will you stay hear (表示意愿) How long will you stay here(表示打算) 3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定) She's going to have a baby.(表示推測(cè),計(jì)劃) 4

38、) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿) I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排) 7. 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與過(guò)去一般式 1) Do you wish to see me Did you wish to see me(表示婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣) 2) That's all I have to say.(我的話就這些) That's all I had to say.(我要說(shuō)的就這些) 3) How do you like the film (看電影過(guò)程中) How did you like the film(看完電影

39、后) 4) It is nice to see you.(見(jiàn)面時(shí)說(shuō)) It was so nice to see you.(離別時(shí)說(shuō)) 5) I never like him. (沒(méi)時(shí)間性) I never liked him.(從來(lái)沒(méi)喜歡過(guò)) 6) I think I know that voice.(沒(méi)見(jiàn)客人時(shí)) I thought I know that voice.(見(jiàn)到客人時(shí),證明自己正確或錯(cuò)誤) 7) Who is that (哪人還在) Who was that(人已不在場(chǎng)了) 8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做這種蛋糕) This cake

40、was made at home.(這種蛋糕是自家做的) 8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1) Someone has phoned you.(打了電話) Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打電話) 2) I've read the novel.(已讀完) I've been reading the novel.(還沒(méi)讀完) 3) He has lived here for six weeks. He has been living here for six weeks. (區(qū)別不大,后者更口語(yǔ)化) 4) Have you met her lately Have you been meeting her lately(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù),經(jīng)常見(jiàn)面) 5) Who's eaten my apples ( 蘋(píng)果沒(méi)有了) Who's been eating my apples(有感情色彩,表示憤怒不滿) 9.現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1) I hope that he&#