Lecture5被動語態(tài)

1、Lecture 4Passive Voice 被動句的使用場合 主動句變被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則 詞組動詞的被動態(tài) “主-動-that 從句”句型的被動句 主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動意義被動句的使用場合 說話者為了把句子的語義重心放在事件本身而不必提到施動者時常用被動句。 由于不知道施動者為誰，或者為了含蓄不愿道出施動者為誰時，常用被動句。 為了強調(diào)施動者，如果讓它出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上便不能受到應(yīng)有的強調(diào)時，常用帶by-詞組的被動句。 被動句的使用往往受上下文和語境的支配。說話者為了把句子的語義重心放在事件本身而不必提到施動者時常用被動句。 Hundreds of passengers were killed i

2、n the crash. Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 由于不知道施動者為誰，或者為了含蓄不愿道出施動者為誰時，常用被動句。 This book was published in the 16th century. This proposal was generally considered as not very practical. The journalists were told not to enter that area.為了強調(diào)施動者，如果讓它出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上便不能受到應(yīng)有的強調(diào)時，常用帶by-詞組的被動句。

3、 Who invented the telephone?- It was invented by Graham Bell. How was the dam damaged?- It was damaged by a flood. Why cant you do it? - This is forbidden by law.被動句的使用往往受上下文和語境的支配 在一個句子中有時為了避免中途變更主語而不得不采用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。 Jack fought Michael in the mens singles (男子單打）and (Jack) was beaten. The word “plastic” c

4、omes from the Greek word “plasticos” and is used to describe something which can be easily shaped.被動句的使用往往受上下文和語境的支配 有時為了上下句緊密銜接而采用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。 He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Those provinces were being overrun by the Japanese invaders.有時主動句和被動句的使用完全取決于上文提示的語義意圖。 It rained heavily last ni

5、ght.A: The flowers are all gone. What happened to them? The rain destroyed the flowers.（語義重心在the flowers） B: They (The flowers ) were destroyed by the rain.（語義重心在the rain）In each pair of the following italicized active / passive structure determine which is more appropriated according to context and

6、 give reasons for your choice.These engines used to be started by hand. Now they are started by electricity.2. The injured were allowed home after treatment at the local hospital, but one of the firemen was detained for observation . Now we start them by electricity .but the hospital detained one of

7、 the firemen for observation.3. Compare clothes which have been washed by us with clothes washed by any other laundry.4. After the government had spent a million pounds on the scheme it was decided that it was impracticable and should be given up.which we have washed /they decided5. The ship was put

8、 into quarantine (隔離檢疫） and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.6. One of the great advantages of atomic power stations is the fact that they can be built in the very region where power is to be used.and they forbade passengers and crew to landpeople can build them /7. Observations are made d

9、aily at two hundred weather stations in and around the British Isles, which send in reports every three hours. Measurements of wind speed, temperature and pressure are also made by weather ships in the Atlantic.Weather ships also make measurements of wind speed, temperature and pressure in the Atlan

10、tic8. It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin Quarter overlooking a cemetery and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together.and barely enough money was earned to keep body and soul together被動語態(tài)的種類 P65現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般 am / is / are done

11、 was / were done will /shall be done would / should be done 進(jìn)行 am / is / are being donewas / were being done -完成 have / has been done had been done will /shall have been donewould / should have been done完成進(jìn)行-在主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，可按以下三個步驟 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)(bedone) ，并根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的

12、時態(tài)來決定be的形式。 把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。在無須說明動作的執(zhí)行者或只強調(diào)動作的承受者時，by短語可以省略。 We speak Chinese. Chinese is spoken by us. 被動語態(tài)由be + done構(gòu)成。不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在be動詞的變化上，同時be 動詞還要在人稱和數(shù)上同主語保持一致。一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are+done People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chem

13、istry lab without a teacher. 一般過去時：一般過去時：was/were+done They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 一般將來時：一般將來時：shall/will+ be done They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 過去將來時：過去將來時：should/wou

14、ld +be done The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： am/is/are +being done The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 過去進(jìn)行時：過去進(jìn)行時： was/were +being done Why didnt t

15、hey drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has +been done Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 過去完成時：過去完成時：had been done When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the

16、news of his death; 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 詞組動詞的被動態(tài)“動詞+介詞”、“動詞+副詞”、“動詞+ 副詞+借詞”（一般詞組動詞） The children are well looked after. When was

17、 the hospital set up? That sort of thing should be done away with. 詞組動詞應(yīng)視為一個單詞及物動詞，其后的介詞或副詞不可略去?！皠釉~+名詞+介詞” He took great care of his books. His books were taken great care of. 主 動 賓 主 動 He took great care of his books. Great care was taken of his books. 主 動 賓 主 動 注意：采用第二種形式時，要把整個介詞詞組放到被動態(tài)動詞的后面去。帶復(fù)合賓

18、語帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語賓語+ 賓補賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：a,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+adj We always keep the classroom clean. b,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+ n They chose Tom captain. c.動詞動詞+賓語賓語+ to do She told us to follow her instructions. d,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+doing I found him lying on the

19、 floor e,動詞動詞+賓語賓語+done we found all our seats occupied. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶都帶to， We often hear him play the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day. The classroom is always kept clean.

20、Tom was chosen captainWe were told to follow her instructions. He was found lying on the floorAll our seats were found occupied.He is often heard to play the guitar.He is made to clean the room every day.“主-動-that 從句”句型的被動句 P70 People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill. () He is b

21、elieved to be ill. () 當(dāng)說話人認(rèn)為主動句的主語無關(guān)緊要，或者不清楚謂語動作的發(fā)出者的時候，常使用上述兩種形式的被動句。常用于上述被動句型的動詞有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, thinkPair work A: This is a very interesting short story! B: I think so too. A: Who wrote it? B: Im not sure

22、. I think it was written by Edgar Allan Poe. This is a really fascinating movie! direct . Fellini This is a very funny political cartoon! draw. Richard Hill This is an impressive building! design. Frank Lloyd Wright Pair work A: Do you want me to hang up the decorations? B: No. Dont worrry about it.

23、 Theyve already been hung up. sweep the floor do the dishes take out the trash send the packages feed the monkeys sing the National Anthem 表示被動意義的主動句 P71 英語里有些動詞能以主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動意義。這類動詞通常都是既可作及物動詞，也可作不及物動詞，當(dāng)它們作為不及物動詞用于SV(A) 結(jié)構(gòu)中時，往往含有被動意義。這里有兩種情況：表示被動意義的主動句 一種情況是用這類動詞表示被動意義，這類句子的主語（指物的居多）通常具有某些內(nèi)在的特征，能夠促使動詞所

24、表示的動作得以實現(xiàn)或難以實現(xiàn)。這類句子的特點是：主語為無生命動詞；謂語動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時；肯定句必須帶方式狀語；否定句的謂語動詞可以含情態(tài)動詞。這種句子一般都不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動句，如果變?yōu)楸粍泳洌渥拥囊饬x就改變了。 Brownings plays wont act. My voice doesnt carry well. This box doesnt close properly. This metal cuts easily. Nylon dries quickly. It eats well. Damp wood will not fire.Compare每組第一句都取決于主語的內(nèi)在特征，每

25、組第二句的含義則是取決于外在的因素。 His novels dont sell. His novels are not sold. The middle house wont lent. The middle house will not be lent. She does not photograph well. She has not been photographed well. 他的小說銷路不佳。 他的小說沒有賣掉。 中間的房子租不出去。 中間的房子不會出租。 她不上相。 她的相沒有照好。表示被動意義的主動句 一種情況是用這類動詞的進(jìn)行時（主要是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時）表示被動意義，這種句子的主語

26、通常都是指物的，而且可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。這類結(jié)構(gòu)是早期英語遺留下來的用法，常見于日常用語以及某些行業(yè)的專門用語。 The house is building. = The house is being built. The book is printing. = The book is being printed. The dinner is cooking. = The dinner is being cooked. The cakes are baking. = The magazine is binding. = The tea is brewing. = The ship is

27、fitting up.=1. Our plates _ (make) in China. 2. Yang Liwei _ (regard) as a hero.3. My bike _recently. (steal). 4. A sports meeting _(hold) in our school next month.5. The building _(finish) by the end of last term.Fill in the blanks.were madeis regardedwas stolenwill be heldhad been finished6. The f

28、lowers _(smell) sweet. 7.The May 4th Movement _ (take place) in 1919. 8. We _(move) by his speech. 9.Your pen _(write) smoothly.10. This room needs_. (clean) 11. A new building _(set up) last year. smelltook placewere movedwritescleaning/ to be cleanedwas set up12. By last December three ships _ (bu

29、ild).13. We could not get through because the road _(repair).14. The problem _ (discuss) at the meeting now.15. Her second boy _(send) to school next September. was being repairedhad been builtis being discussedwill be sent將下列句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)： 1. We often sing this song. 2. He broke his leg in the match. 3.

30、 She will sell her house soon. 4. He is repairing the machine. 5. He has finished his work. 6. We call him Lao Wang. 7. We must do something to help her. 8. What did you say at the meeting? 9. He gave me some old magazines. 10. He told me to wait at the gate. Here is the beginning of a report of an

31、experiment. Rewrite it, putting verbs in the passive where appropriate and making any other necessary changes. I conducted the test in the school library to minimise noise. I took the children out of their normal lessons and I tested them in groups of four. I carried out all the tests in January 1996. The test consisted of two components. First, I showed the children a design (I presented these in Chapter 3) and I asked them to describe what they saw. I tape recorded all their answer