自然地理——專業(yè)英語電子教案

1、Lesson OneNEW WORDS1.sleet n.凍雨，雨夾雪2. depend vi.依賴,取決于3. hail n.雹4. form vt.,vi.形成5. low a.低的6. temperature n.溫度7. molecule n.分子8. cling vi.粘著9. droplet n.小水滴10. dust n.灰塵11. particle n.粒子,微粒12. nucleus n.核,原子核13.dew n.露水14.crystal n.晶體15.condensation n.冷凝,凝結(jié)16. rapid a.快的17.moisture n.濕氣,水分18. free

2、ze vi.結(jié)冰19.raindrop n.雨點20.instead ad.代替,替換21.snowflake n.雪片22.shape n.形狀23. flake n.薄片24.hexagonal a.六角形的25.lens n.透鏡26.strike vt.,vi.打擊擊中,撞27.thunderstorm n.雷雨28.swift a.迅速的29.current n.氣流,潮流30.toss vt.,vi.拋,扔,顛簸31.acquire vt.取得,獲得32.hailstone n.冰雹33.stick vi.粘住34.theory n.理論35.explain vt.說明,解釋,闡明

3、PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越 越So that 如此 以致Take place 發(fā)生As soon as 一 就High above 大大高于Well below 遠遠低于Take on 呈現(xiàn)A bit of 一點 A mass of 一塊Start out 出發(fā),著手進行 layer of 一層TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more

4、the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millio

5、ns of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in

6、the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.Snowflakes are really cry

7、stals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then

8、strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows cold

9、er, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become he

10、avy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud,

11、it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cl

12、oudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open. EXERCISESI.Complete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets. 1.Theof rain depends on the and the of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/con

13、dense/combine)2.When the droplets are heavy enough to fall, can take place.(precipitate)3.The and of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)4.The of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)5.The 100 equal ar

14、e made after the byof the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)6.The best of what takes place is the of good examples.(explain/provide)7. A lake which is used for wateris sometimes high enough for the of by gravity to transport the water along the pipes to th

15、e houses below.(store/exert/press)8.In science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the of temperature.(measure)II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.1.How is rain formed?2.When does the moisture in the air from snow?3.What is snow made up of?4.What is the diff

16、erence between rain and sleet?5.Why are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut open?III. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取決于溫度2.使雨點落到地面3.呈不同形狀4.冷到足以形成小冰珠5.切成兩半IV.Explain the different uses of the word “form” in the following sentences:1.The formin

17、g of rain is discussed in the text.2.The molecules of water vapor form droplets.3.If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.4.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.5.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in

18、 a different way.6.The molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.V. Replace each dash with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.1.When the air is well below,the moisture in the air forms snow.2.In temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.3.In a mass of cold ai

19、r each raindrop.4.Sleet is rain.5.A hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is .VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴開始在空氣中形成時的溫度叫露點. 2.空氣越熱,它能容納的水分越多.3.霧是靠近地面的云.4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.當含有水分的空氣接觸到寒冷的地面時,水汽開始從空氣中跑出來并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接觸到的任何東西上面.6.沒有雨,就不能有植物,沒有植物,也就沒有動物.XII. Translate

20、 the following passage into Chinese. In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfall is usually moderate

21、, there is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966. In the summer of 1949, New York Citys reservoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons of water were being us

22、ed each day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not served in restaurants unless asked for.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.礦物2.property n.性質(zhì),特性3.n

23、aked a.裸露的4.detail n.詳情5.reveal vt.暴露6.magnify vt.放大7.magnification n.放大率8.hang vt.,vi.懸掛,吊9.particularly ad.特別,格外10.distinguish vt.區(qū)別,辨認,把區(qū)別分類11.define vt.規(guī)定,下定義12.unique a.唯一的,獨特的13.grain n.顆粒14.quartz n.石英15.quality n.質(zhì)量plex a.復(fù)雜的,復(fù)合的17.mixture n.混合物18.vary vi.變化,不同19.precise a.精確的20.garnet n.柘榴石

24、position n.構(gòu)成組成22.variety n.多種,異種種類23.range n.范圍,領(lǐng)域24.proportion n.比例25.hence ad.因此26.immense a.無限的, 廣大的27.bewilder vt.使為難,使手足無措28.array n.排列29.classify vt.分類30.sort vt. (out)分類,劃分31.major a.較重要的,主要的32.division n.分類,劃分33.divide vt. (into)劃分,把分成為34.igneous a.火成的35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,沉積的36.metamorphic

25、a.變形的,變質(zhì)的37.kingdom n.領(lǐng)域王國,界38.distinctive a.特殊的,有特色的39.earmark n.記號40.remarkable a.值得注意的,顯著的41.accurate a.精確的42.dozen n.一打,若干,許許多多43.simplification n.簡單化,單一化44.rare a.稀少的,少見的45.unusual a.不平常的,少見的46.subspecies n.亞種47.recognize vt.承認,認出48.sophisticate n.世故的人49.glean vt.苦心搜集,選集50.explanation n.解釋51.pr

26、ofessional a.職業(yè)的,本職的52.petrologist n.巖石學家53.mineralogy n.礦物學PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFor example例如Because of 由于,因為Regardless of不管,不顧(to) be faced with 面對著,面臨(to)make order 整理despite of 不管,任憑even if 即使eitheror 或或on the one handon the other hand一方面另一方面TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS Most of a rocks pr

27、operties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 to 10) the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks.From the characteristics show, particularly the physical and chemical propertie

28、s we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms,

29、 vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties.Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their prop

30、erties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The majo

31、r division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.Desp

32、ite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. Thi

33、s simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garn

34、et by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy. EXERCISESI.Match

35、 the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks: Column AColumn B1. Reveala. Change2. Qualityb. Put into groups 3. Regardless of c. Distinguish4. Vary d. Unusual 5.depending on e. gather6. Classify f. Property 7. Preciseg. Show8. Rare h. Accor

36、ding to9. Recognizei. Negligent10. Gleanj. AccurateII.Answer the following questions in English.1.How can we distinguish different kinds of minerals?2.Why is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types?3.What are the three major divisions of rocks?4.How many types can the rock kingdom

37、 be divided into?5.How can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types?6.Why do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy?III.Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到

38、2.面臨一些問題3.具有相同的特性4.把相似的東西歸為一類5.幾十種主要礦物6.差別微小的化學組成IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.1.magnify2.define3.depend4.precisepose6.dividebine8.simple9.explain10.accurateV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions. If the nature rocks can give us a clue many the tings we

39、want to know the earth, how do we go about it? We need an interpretive key. First all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. its composition we should be able to say something where the parent material came and what it w

40、as like. the composition and the texture the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures which the rock was formed comparing them the artificial rocks and mineral made experimental petrologists the laboratory.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.有些

41、巖石很硬,有些輕輕一敲便成碎片. 2.不能用化學或物理方法容易地分離開來的礦物稱為造巖礦物.3.巖石的礦物組成千差萬別,這種差別是巖石分類的基礎(chǔ).4.石英結(jié)晶時,如果有足夠的空間,會形成美麗的六角形晶體.5.大部分沉積巖是在海水下面形成的.6.礦物有幾千種,每種有它自己的組成.VII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes. The varied minerals of t

42、he earth are understood in terms of their architecture the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals, all of which are used for

43、 their identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.Le

44、sson ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活動2.crust n.地殼3.fracture vi.破碎,斷裂4.molten a.熔化的5.extend vi.延伸,延展6.interior n.,a.內(nèi)部的7.volcano n.火山8.behavior n.行為,舉止,情況9.volcanology n.火山學10. crystallization n.結(jié)晶(作用)11. fluid n.流體,液體12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避免13. crack n.裂隙14.volcanologist n.火山學家15. refer vt.,vi將歸

45、入,認為屬于,提到16.extrusive a.,n.噴出的17. toothpaste n.牙膏18. extrude vt.擠出,使噴出19. eruption n.噴發(fā),爆發(fā)20. occur vi.發(fā)生,出現(xiàn)21. magma n.巖漿22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解23. fissure n.裂縫24. atmospheric a.大氣25. explosively ad.爆炸(爆發(fā))性的26. chill vt.使冷卻27. atmosphere n.大氣28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起泡沫,泡沫29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆發(fā),噴出30.

46、bubble n.泡,泡沫31. vent n.噴口32. cone n.圓錐形(物)33.glow vi.燃燒,放光34. column n.圓柱PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with 充滿著less and less 越來越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)in much the same way以大體相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earths crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough in

47、to the interior of the earth. A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped

48、 through deep cracks in the earths crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way.

49、The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As i

50、t rises, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure 14.7 pounds per square inch. The steam

51、 and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler a

52、tmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which

53、were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shap

54、ed pile of volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten fluid. EXERCISESI. Explain the meaning

55、 of these words in English.1.volcanologist 2. Fracture3. crust4. Interior5.eruption6. magma7.froth8. Atmosphere9.vent10.ash II. Give the word with opposite meaning to .1.deep2.same3.dissolve4.heavily5. rise6.expand7.chill8.rapidly9.noisy10.upwardIII. Give the English equivalent of the following expr

56、essions .1.從裂口流出來2.深及地球內(nèi)部3.通過裂縫逸出4.以同樣的方式進行5.充滿了溶解的氣體6.每平方英寸7拋入高空8.落回地面9在爆發(fā)期間10.稍大一些的碎片IV. Answer the following questions in English .1.How does a volcano form ?2.What does volcanology deal with ?3.What happens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in it ?4.What happens when a fissure develops in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam ?5.What makes molten fluids froth ?6.Why do we say tha