heMentalStatusExaminationMSEPalmerCollegeof精神狀態(tài)檢查MSE帕大學(xué)

1、The Mental Status Examination (MSE)Mental Status Mental status is the total expression of a persons emotional responses, mood, cognitive function, and personality It is closely linked to the individuals executive functioning, i.e. motivation, initiative, goal formation, planning and performing, self

2、-monitoring, and integration of feedbackQuick Neurology ReviewFrontal lobe Speech formation (Broca area)Emotions/affectDrive Awareness of selfShort-term memory Goal-oriented behaviorQuick Neurology ReviewParietal lobe Sensory perceptionSpatial sense and navigationQuick Neurology ReviewTemporal lobe

3、Perception and interpretation of sounds Wernickes area Integration of behavior, emotion, and personality Long-term memoryQuick Neurology ReviewLimbic system Survival behaviors (mating, aggression, fear, affection) Reactions to emotions, and expression of affect is mediated by connections of the limb

4、ic system and the frontal lobeDementiaDementia is a clinical syndrome, characterized by deteriorating cognition, behavior, and functional independenceIt is usually related to obvious structural disease of the brain (most commonly atrophy)Dementia affects 3-11% of adults older than 65Mnemonic for cau

5、ses of dementiaD: drugs and toxinsE: endocrineM: metabolic and mechanicalE: epilepsy N: nutritional and nervous systemT: tumor and trauma I: infectionA: arterial DeliriumDelirium is different than dementia It is an acute confusional state accompanied by a disorder of perception Symptoms include alte

6、rations in mental status (disorientation), attention span, sleep patterns, and affect Sudden and fluctuating Usually reversibleMental Status Examination The MSE is one component of an exam and may be viewed as the psychological equivalent of the physical examIt is an important component to a neurolo

7、gical evaluationFactors affecting the MSE Culture and educational background of the patient What is abnormal for a person with high intellectual ability may be normal for a person of less education Patients with ESL may have difficulty with some components of the examMajor Components of the MSE1.App

8、earance 2.Motor3.Speech4.Affect & mood5.Thought Content6.Thought Process7.Perception8.Intellect9.InsightAppearance Age Gender Race Body build Posture Eye contact Dress Grooming Manner Attentiveness to examiner Emotional facial expression AlertnessMotor Behavior: Pleasant? Cooperative? Appropriate fo

9、r the particular situation? HesitancyAgitationAbnormal movementsGaitCatatoniaSpeechRate Rhythm VolumeAmount Articulation SpontaneityAffect and MoodAffect: How do they appear to you?StabilityRangeAppropriatenessIntensityMood: Dr. asks the patient directly how he/she feelsThought Content Suicidal idea

10、tion Death wishes Homicidal ideation Depressive cognition Obsessions Ruminations Phobias Paranoid ideation Magical ideation Delusions Overvalued ideasDescription of what the patient is thinking aboutThought Process Associations Coherence Logic Stream Clang associations Perseveration Neologism Though

11、t blocking AttentionDescription of the way in which the patient thinksPerceptionHallucinationsIllusionsDepersonalizationDerealizationdj vujamais vuIntellectGlobal impression: average, above average, below averageInsightAwareness of illnessMSEThe full MSE is a lengthy exam You assess many components

12、of the MSE in your normal work up of a patient When you need to do a shorter neurological screening exam, you may shorten the MSE to the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)MMSETakes approximately 10 minutesThe MMSE tests: Orientation Immediate and short-term memory Concentration Arithmetic ability Langua

13、ge Praxis (learning)MMSE Orientation: What is the (year) (season) (date) (day) (month)? Where are we?(state) (country) (town) (office) (floor) 5 points Registration: Name 3 objects, taking 1 second to name each. Then ask the patient to repeat them. 1 point for each correct. Attention and Calculation

14、: Ask the patient to count backwards from 100 in 7s. Stop after 5 answers. Alternatively, ask the patient to spell “world” backwards. 1 point for each correct answer (5) 1 point for each correct answer (5) 1 point for each correct answer (3) 1 point for each correct answer (5)MMSE Recall: Ask the pa

15、tient for the 3 objects named under “Registration”. Language: Point to two objects and ask the patient to name them (pen and watch). Ask the patient to repeat “No ifs, ands, or buts.” Ask the pt. to follow a 3-step command: “Take this paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and put it on the tabl

16、e.” Ask the pt. to read and obey the following: “Close your eyes.” Write a sentence. Copy a drawing of intersecting pentagons. 1 point for each correct answer (3) 1 point for each correct answer (2) 1 point for correct answer (1) 1 point for each correct task (3) 1 point for correct task (1) 1 point

17、 for correct task (1) 1 point for correct task (1) Total (30) Interpretation of the MMSE The traditional threshold for the MMSE is a score of 23 or greater Scores of 0-23 argue strongly for the diagnosis of dementia But, false-positive results are a concern when applied to large populations with low

18、 incidence of dementia, so some experts prefer the following scoring system: 0-20: dementia highly probable 26-30: dementia highly unlikely 21-25: results not conclusive The MMSE is a copyrighted psychological test published by Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR), Inc. So, why do DCs need to do

19、 MSEs? Emotional and behavioral changes are often the first signs of organic brain disease Does the patient see his or her M.D. as frequently as he or she sees you, the chiropractor? Brain tumors, subdural hematomas, small infarcts, and cerebral atrophy may be undetected on routine neurological exam

20、ination, whereas the cognitive effects of these lesions may be apparent on an MSEDrawbacks Does a normal MSE or MMSE indicate competence? No Competence relates to a pt.s ability to provide food & shelter, to manage $, and to participate in activities and decisions Pts. who score well may have diffic

21、ulty with basic activities of daily living Drawbacks Does an abnormal MSE or MMSE indicate incompetence? Not necessarily Many pts. with cognitive limitations develop alternative means of coping with deficits, allowing them to live fairly independent livesDrawbacks The MSE and MMSE screenings have limitations They are subject to in