雙語版財務(wù)會計 第二章

1、Cash and ReceivablesChapter 2Learning Objects Understand and grasp the internal controls of Cash and Bank Grasp how to make Bank Reconciliations（銀行調(diào)節(jié)表） Master the methods of dealing with the Doubtful Accounts （呆賬，可疑賬款） Master how to record assignment of Receivables（應(yīng)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)讓）Cash and Receivables What i

2、s cash? Management and control of cash Accounting for cash Reporting cash Summary of cash-related itemsCashReceivables Recognition of accounts receivable Valuation of accounts receivable Recognition of notes receivable（應(yīng)收票據(jù)） Valuation of notes receivable Disposition of accounts and notes receivable（

3、處置處置） Cash 現(xiàn)金概念、特征、類型、使用范圍現(xiàn)金的管理與內(nèi)部控制現(xiàn)金及銀行存款的核算現(xiàn)金的報告（報表）現(xiàn)金盤點與銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表 Receivables 應(yīng)收款項應(yīng)收款項概念、分類應(yīng)收款項的確認與計量應(yīng)收款項的核算應(yīng)收賬款計提壞賬準備應(yīng)收款項的報告Cash and Receivables Cash is the most liquid asset owned by a firm. As a result it is most susceptible to theft, and thus internal control over cash is important.它是企業(yè)流動性最強

4、的一項資產(chǎn)。 Characteristics The standard medium of exchange （支付中介） Basis for measuring and accounting for all items（計量基礎(chǔ)） Current asset（流動資產(chǎn)）CashCash contents Cash in hand, cash in bank, other monetary funds Coin 硬幣, currency Available funds on deposit at the bank(可動用的銀行存款) Negotiable instruments（可流通的票據(jù)）

5、 Money orders (匯票，郵政匯票)、 certified checks (承兌支票，保付支票)、 cashiers checks (銀行本票)、 personal checks (個人支票）、 bank drafts (銀行匯票) 、Saving accounts（定期存款）Cash contents other monetary assets（我國的其他貨幣資金我國的其他貨幣資金） 外埠存款cash in other cities 銀行本票 cashiers check 銀行匯票 bank draft 信用卡 credit cards 信用證保證金 L/C deposit 存出投

6、資款 cash for investment How to manage and control cash? Internal control. as defined in accounting and auditing(審計), is a process for assuring achievement of an organizations objectives in operational effectiveness and efficiency（經(jīng)營效率和效果）, reliable financial reporting, and compliance with laws, regul

7、ations and policies. A broad concept, internal control involves everything that controls risks to an organization.How to manage and control cash? It is a means by which an organizations resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in detecting and preventing fraud（查錯防弊

8、）（查錯防弊） and protecting the organizations resources, both physical（實物） (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible（無形） (e.g., reputation聲譽 or intellectual property智力財產(chǎn) such as trademarks商標權(quán)).Internal controls 內(nèi)部控制制度是企業(yè)重要的內(nèi)部管理制度，是一個單位為了保護其資產(chǎn)的安全完整，保證其經(jīng)營活動符合國家法律、法規(guī)和內(nèi)部規(guī)章要求，提高經(jīng)營管理效率，防止舞弊，控制風險等目的，而在單位內(nèi)部采

9、取的一系列相互聯(lián)系、相互制約的制度和方法。 COSO委員會【1992年美國國會的“反對虛假財務(wù)報告委員會”（NCFR）下屬的由AAA、AICPA、IIA、FEI和IMA等專業(yè)團體組織參與的“發(fā)起組織委員會（COSO）”】，1992年發(fā)布內(nèi)部控制基本框架（簡稱COSO報告）。 財政部 證監(jiān)會 審計署 銀監(jiān)會 保監(jiān)會2008年印發(fā)企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制基本規(guī)范，2010年發(fā)布企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制配套指引，包括18項應(yīng)用指引、1項評價指引和1項審計指引。Internal controls COSO defines internal control as having five components: Control

10、Environment 控制環(huán)境 Risk Assessment 風險評估 Information and Communication 信息與溝通 Control Activities 控制活動 Monitoring 監(jiān)控，監(jiān)督Internal controls for cash 貨幣資金的內(nèi)部控制制度是企業(yè)最重要的內(nèi)部控制制度。貨幣資金的內(nèi)部控制制度是企業(yè)最重要的內(nèi)部控制制度。 1.錢賬分管制度。企業(yè)應(yīng)配備專職的出納員，辦理庫存現(xiàn)金收付和結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)、登記庫存現(xiàn)金和銀行存款日記賬、保管庫存現(xiàn)金和各種有價證券、保管好有關(guān)印章、空白收據(jù)和空白支票;出納員不得兼管稽核、會計檔案保管和收入、費用、債權(quán)債

11、務(wù)賬目的登記工作。 2.現(xiàn)金開支審批制度。(1)明確企業(yè)庫存現(xiàn)金開支范圍;(2)明確各種報銷憑證，規(guī)定各種庫存現(xiàn)金支付業(yè)務(wù)的報銷手續(xù)和辦法;(3)確定各種現(xiàn)金支出的審批權(quán)限Internal controls for cash 3.庫存現(xiàn)金日清月結(jié)制度。日清是指出納員應(yīng)對當日的庫存現(xiàn)金收付業(yè)務(wù)全部登記庫存現(xiàn)金日記賬，結(jié)出賬面余額，并與庫存現(xiàn)金核對相符;月結(jié)是指出納員必須對庫存現(xiàn)金日記賬按月結(jié)賬;并定期進行庫存現(xiàn)金清查。 4.庫存現(xiàn)金保管制度。(1)超過庫存限額以外的庫存現(xiàn)金應(yīng)在下班前送存銀行;(2)除工作時間需要的小量備用金可存在出納員的抽屜內(nèi)，其余應(yīng)放入保險柜內(nèi)，不得隨意存放;(3)限額內(nèi)的庫

12、存現(xiàn)金當日核對清楚后，一律放入保險柜內(nèi)，不得放在辦公桌內(nèi)過夜;(4)單位的庫存現(xiàn)金不準以個人名義存入銀行;(5)庫存的紙幣和鑄幣，應(yīng)實行分類保管。Accounting for cash Cash in hand 現(xiàn)金的核算 現(xiàn)金增加：產(chǎn)品零售，取得現(xiàn)金收入200元借：現(xiàn)金 234 （debt) 貸：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入 200 (credit) 應(yīng)繳稅費增值稅（銷項稅額） 34 從銀行取現(xiàn)從銀行取現(xiàn)20002000元。元。 借：現(xiàn)金借：現(xiàn)金 20002000 貸：銀行存款貸：銀行存款 20002000 Accounting for cash 現(xiàn)金減少 購買辦公用品 230元。 借：管理費用 230 貸

13、：現(xiàn)金 230 出差借款 900元 借：其他應(yīng)收款 900 貸：現(xiàn)金 900Accounting for cash 銀行存款增加銀行存款增加 投資者投入投資者投入2020萬元，存入銀行。萬元，存入銀行。 借：銀行存款借：銀行存款 200,000200,000 貸：實收資本貸：實收資本 200,000200,000 銀行存款減少銀行存款減少 繳納稅金繳納稅金50005000元元 借：應(yīng)繳稅費借：應(yīng)繳稅費 50005000 貸：銀行存款貸：銀行存款 50005000 購入材料購入材料 1000010000元，稅金元，稅金17001700元，存款支付。元，存款支付。 借：原材料借：原材料 10000

14、10000 應(yīng)繳稅費應(yīng)繳稅費增值稅（進項稅額）增值稅（進項稅額）17001700 貸：銀行存款貸：銀行存款 1170011700Accounting for cash 其他貨幣資金增加：其他貨幣資金增加： 借：其他貨幣資金借：其他貨幣資金 貸：銀行存款等貸：銀行存款等 其他貨幣資金減少：其他貨幣資金減少： 借：原材料、應(yīng)付賬款等借：原材料、應(yīng)付賬款等 貸：其他貨幣資金貸：其他貨幣資金Reporting Cash 資產(chǎn)負債表：貨幣資金（現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、其他資產(chǎn)負債表：貨幣資金（現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、其他貨幣資金）貨幣資金） 現(xiàn)金流量表：經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量、投資活動現(xiàn)金現(xiàn)金流量表：經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量、投資活

15、動現(xiàn)金流量、籌資活動現(xiàn)金流量（流入流量、籌資活動現(xiàn)金流量（流入- -流出）流出）Reporting Cash Reporting Reporting as“ cash and cash equivalents （現(xiàn)金和現(xiàn)金等價物）”separately if it will be disbursed（支付） within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. Reporting Cash Cash equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments that are both

16、readily convertible to cash（易于轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)金）, and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk （風險較?。﹐f changes in value. Example: Treasury bills (國庫券), Commercial paper（商業(yè)票據(jù)）, and Money market funds（貨幣基金）.Cash counting 現(xiàn)金的清查：通過“待處理財產(chǎn)損溢”賬戶核算。 1.審批前調(diào)賬盤盈：增加待處理溢余，調(diào)增賬面記錄盤虧：增加待處理虧損，調(diào)減賬面記錄 2.審批后減少待

17、處理 盤盈：屬于應(yīng)付的，應(yīng)增加一項負債(其他應(yīng)付款);屬于無法查明原因的，應(yīng)作為營業(yè)外收入。 盤虧：屬于應(yīng)收，應(yīng)增加一項債權(quán)(其他應(yīng)收款);屬于定額內(nèi)損耗和管理原因，應(yīng)作為管理費用;屬于無法查明原因的，應(yīng)作為管理費用。Cash counting 庫存現(xiàn)金清查中，發(fā)現(xiàn)實存數(shù)大于賬面余額l00元。 借：庫存現(xiàn)金 100 貸：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢 100屬于應(yīng)支付給其他單位 借：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢 100 貸：其他應(yīng)付款單位100如果核查后原因不明，經(jīng)批準作為營業(yè)外收入： 借：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢 100 貸：營業(yè)外收入 100Cash counting 庫存現(xiàn)金清查中，發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金短缺80元，借：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢80

18、貸：庫存現(xiàn)金80 如果屬于出納人員的責任，應(yīng)由出納人員賠償：借：其他應(yīng)收款出納員80 貸：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢80 當出納人員交回賠款時：借：庫存現(xiàn)金80 貸：其他應(yīng)收款出納員80 如果屬于無法查明原因的，應(yīng)作為管理費用處理：借：管理費用80 貸：待處理財產(chǎn)損溢80Cash balance from bank statement $7,218Cash balance from company records $6,925Bank ReconciliationBank Reconciliations Bank reconciliations（銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表） are prepared and re

19、viewed on a regular basis to ensure that: Errors in the cash account are detected All cash transactions are recorded (e.g. adjustments such as bank service charges) Bank and book balances agree（銀行賬戶余額與實際保持一致）Bank Reconciliations The reconciliation of bank and book balances is to corrected cash balan

20、ce. The corrected cash balance is the amount that should be shown on the balance sheet at the reconciliation date. Bank Reconciliations Two accounts balance rarely agree at any one point in time due to Deposits in transit（在途資金） Outstanding cheque (未付支票，轉(zhuǎn)賬支票) Bank charges （銀行手續(xù)費） Bank Credits (往來賬戶)

21、Collections or deposits in the companys account that the company is not aware of until receipt of the bank statement. Bank or depositor errors The items in red will require adjustment (for errors only if the error is the depositors error)Bank ReconciliationsBank reconciliation 銀行對賬單余額 $ 加: 企業(yè)已收銀行未收

22、減: 企業(yè)已付銀行未付 調(diào)節(jié)后的余額 $ 銀行存款余額 $ 加: 銀行已收企業(yè)未收 減: 銀行已付企業(yè)未付 調(diào)節(jié)后余額 $Bank Reconciliation - ExampleBank Reconciliation - SolutionBank Reconciliation - SolutionBank Reconciliation - SolutionSlide 6-32 Monthly adjusting journal entries required:ReceivablesWritten promises to pay a sum of money on a specified f

23、uture date.Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services.Oral promises of the purchaser to pay for goods and services sold.Trade receivableReceivables Classification Trade Receivables 在商品銷售環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生的賒銷款項在商品銷售環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生的賒銷款項。 Accounts receivable應(yīng)收賬款, Notes receivable應(yīng)收票據(jù)、 Prepayments預付賬

24、款 Nontrade Receivables：Other receivables 其他應(yīng)收款 應(yīng)收長期資產(chǎn)（投資）銷售款應(yīng)收長期資產(chǎn)（投資）銷售款 預付給內(nèi)部員工或分支公司的款項預付給內(nèi)部員工或分支公司的款項 其他單位存入公司的保證金或押金其他單位存入公司的保證金或押金 應(yīng)收的股利或利息應(yīng)收的股利或利息 索取權(quán)索取權(quán)Recognition of receivables 應(yīng)收款項的確認：應(yīng)收款項泛指企業(yè)擁有的將來獲取現(xiàn)款、商品或勞動的權(quán)利。它是企業(yè)在日常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營過程中發(fā)生的各種債權(quán)，是企業(yè)重要的流動資產(chǎn)。 應(yīng)收賬款的確認重要是解決何時確認應(yīng)收賬款。 應(yīng)收賬款是與商品的銷售或勞務(wù)的提供直接相關(guān)的，

25、因此確認應(yīng)收賬款的時間通常應(yīng)與確認收入的時間相一致。 也就是說，在商品的所有權(quán)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)給購貨方，或勞務(wù)已經(jīng)提供、收入已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)時，對未取的款項確認為應(yīng)收賬款。Measuring Receivables In most receivable transactions, the amount to be recognized is the exchange price between two parties to a sales transaction. Exchange price ：the amount due from the debtor It is generally indicted on

26、 a business document (invoice) Considering two factors while measuring The available discounts Trade discounts（商業(yè)折扣） Cash or sale discounts（現(xiàn)金折扣） The length of time between the sale and the payment due date (time value)Measuring Receivables Trade discounts（商業(yè)折扣） To quote different prices for differe

27、nt quantities purchased. For Increase sales（增加銷售） Treatment Reductions from the list price（在會計處理中直接從總價中扣減） Customers are billed net of discounts10 % Discount for new Retail Store Customers Cash (sales) discounts （現(xiàn)金折扣） Inducements for prompt payment (敦促購貨方早付款而給予的折扣) Increase likelihood of collection

28、 （增加賬款回收的可能性）Method of recording Gross Method（總價法） Net Method （凈價法） Payment terms are 2/10, n/30Measuring ReceivablesCash Discounts Gross method Records sale at the full amount; assumes no discount will be taken until it actually is. Accounts Receivable 1,000 Sales1,000 Assume paid within 10 days: C

29、ash (98%$1,000) 980 Sales discounts 20 Accounts Receivable 1,000Sales 5,000Accounts receivable 5,000June 3Cash ($5,000 x 98%)4,900Sales discounts 100 Accounts receivable 5,000June 12Gross MethodCash Discounts Gross method Sales discount net method Record net of the possible discount; assumes custome

30、r will take advantage of the discount Accounts Receivable980 Sales 980 Assume not paid within 10 days:Cash 1,000 Sales discounts forfeited 20 Accounts Receivable980Sales 4,900Accounts receivable 4,900June 3Accounts receivable 4,900Cash 5,000June 29Sales discounts forfeited 100Net MethodCash Discount

31、s Net method Sales 4,900Accounts receivable 4,900June 3Accounts receivable 4,900Cash 4,900June 12Net MethodCash Discounts Net method Estimated Bad Debts MethodBad debts can be estimated based on sales or on accounts receivable.Uncollectible Accounts Receivable Allowance MethodLosses are Estimated:Pe

32、rcentage-of-salesPercentage-of-receivablesMethods of Accounting for Uncollectible AccountsTheoretically undesirable:lno matchingreceivable not stated at net realizable value 直接轉(zhuǎn)銷法在壞賬發(fā)生時直接沖減應(yīng)收賬款的賬面余額。 Although generally not in accordance with GAAP, companies in their first year of operations who have

33、 no basis for estimating uncollectible accounts, and for whom uncollectible accounts are immaterial, may write off bad debts directly, as follows: Dr Bad debt expenseXX Cr Accounts Receivable XXDirect write-off method 備抵法利潤表法銷售百分比法 Bad debt expense estimate is related to a nominal account (Credit Sa

34、les), any balance in the allowance account is ignored. Therefore, the method achieves a proper matching of cost and revenues. 資產(chǎn)負債表法應(yīng)收賬款百分比法 Estimating of expected uncollectible accounts based upon outstanding receivables. Results in a more accurate valuation of receivables on the balance sheet. Met

35、hod may also be applied using an aging schedule(賬齡分析法)Allowance for Doubtful AccountsIncome Statement ApproachBalance Sheet ApproachMatchingSales - Bad Debt ExpenseNet Realizable ValueReceivables - Allowance for Bad DebtAllowance for Doubtful Accounts “壞賬準備- AFDA” We provide for potentially uncollec

36、tible accounts through the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is a contra account to Accounts Receivable. We do not Credit accounts receivable directly because at the time we estimate bad debt expense we do not necessarily know which specific customer accounts will prove to be uncollectible.Allo

37、wance for Doubtful AccountsCredit sales $500,000Estimated % of credit sales not collected 1.25% Accounts receivable balance $72,500Estimated % of A/R not collected 8%Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:Case 1$150 (credit balance)Case 2$150 (debit balance)Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Charge sales$500,

38、000Estimated percentagex 1.25%Estimated expense$ 6,250=What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1 and Case 2Percentage of Sales MethodPercentage of SalesActual balance (credit) (150)150Adjustment(6,250)(6,250)Ending balance(6,400)(6,100)Journal entry:Allowance for doubtful

39、 accounts 6,250Bad debt expense 6,250Case 1Case 2Accounts receivable$ 72,500Estimated percentagex 8%Desired balance$ 5,800=What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1 and Case 2Percentage of ReceivablesActual balance (credit)(150)150Adjustment (5,650)(5,950)Desired balance(

40、5,800)(5,800)Journal entry Case 1:Allowance for doubtful accounts 5,650Bad debt expense 5,650Case 1Case 2Percentage of ReceivablesActual balance (credit)(150)150Adjustment (5,650)(5,950)Desired balance(5,800)(5,800)Case 1Case 2Percentage of ReceivablesJournal entry Case 2:Allowance for doubtful acco

41、unts 5,950Bad debt expense 5,950Percentage of Receivables-Aging scheduleAssetsCurrent Assets:Cash $ 346Accounts receivable 500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts 25 475Inventory 812Prepaids _ 40Total current assets 1,673Fixed Assets:Office equipment 5,679Furniture & fixtures 6,600Less: Accumul

42、ated depreciation (3,735)Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217 AssetsCurrent Assets:Cash $ 346Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowancefor doubtful accounts 475Inventory 812Prepaids _ 40Total current assets 1,673Fixed Assets:Office equipment 5,679Furniture & fixtures 6,600Less: Accumulat

43、ed depreciation (3,735)Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217 Write-offs and Recoveries At some point, we become certain that individual accounts will never be paid. At this point, we write off these accounts To write of a $500 account: Dr Allowance for doubtful accounts 500 Cr Accounts Recei

44、vable (specific customer) 500Write-offs and Recoveries Occasionally, accounts that had been written off are subsequently collected. We then reverse the write-off and record the collection. Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach We now need to adjust

45、 by the amount that produces the required ending balance of $42,000: Bad debt expense30,000 AFDA 30,000Comprehensive Example Balance Sheet Approach A note receivable is an unconditional written agreement to collect a certain sum of money on a specific date.Notes ReceivableNotes Receivable Notes Rece

46、ivable Supported by a formal promissory note, which is a written promise to pay a specific sum of money at a specific future date. Characteristics A negotiable instrument（可轉(zhuǎn)讓票據(jù)） Maker signs in favor of a Payee Always contain an interest element Interest-bearing (has a stated rate of interest) OR Noninterest-bearing (interest included in face amount)Notes Receivable Generally originate from Lending transactions (the majority