MPA專業(yè)英語考試說明與復習資料(修改版,請勿外傳)2017年冬

1、MPA 專業(yè)英語考試說明與復習資料(2017-2018第一學期)(僅供參考，請勿外傳)第一部分：關于考試(一)考試時間與地點2018年 1 月 13 日 18:00-20:00 濟南大學西校區(qū) 4教413(二)題型、分值與說明：Part1:Translate the following professional expressions into Chinese ( 2)0這部分有 15 個專業(yè)術語或詞組Part 2:Translate the following professional expressionsinto English(20)這部分有15 個中文專業(yè)術語，切記多練習，不要漏字母

2、Part 3: Reading comprehension. ( 20 )這部分為2 段課外閱讀理解，10 道選擇題，為國家英語考試四級水平。Part 4:Translate the following sentences into Chinese0() 2這部分內(nèi)容有5 段英文，其中 4 段為教材中的段落， 1 段為課外。直譯或意譯均可，一定要翻譯出核心要義與關鍵術語，盡量做到信、雅、達。Part 5: Directions. For this part， you are allowed to write an essay based on the subject ( ). You shou

3、ld write at least 100 words but no more than l50 words. (20 )這部分會從以下 4 個主題中出 1 個主題，請各位提前練習英文和背誦萬能句型。Good Government ； The Responsibility of the Government Governance of Corruption； How to control traffic jams第二部分：復習資料第二章With decadesof hard work, socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the

4、 threshold into a new era. This is a new historic juncture in Chinas development.This new era will be an era of building on past successes to further advance our cause, and of continuing in a new historical context to strive for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It will be an era

5、 of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and of moving on to all-out efforts to build a great modern socialist country.經(jīng)過長期努力，中國特色社會主義進入了新時代，這是我國發(fā)展新的歷史方位。這個新時代， 是承前啟后、 繼往開來、 在新的歷史條件下繼續(xù)奪取中國特色社會主義偉大勝利的時代， 是決勝全面建成小康社會、 進而全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國的時代。It makes clea

6、r that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the peoples ever-growing needs for a better life. We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered philosophy of development, and work to promote well-rounde

7、d human development and common prosperity for everyone.It makes clear that the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the five-sphere integrated plan, and the overall strategy is the four-pronged comprehensive strategy. It highlights the importance of fostering stronger

8、confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It makes clear that the overall goal of deepening reform in every field is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize Chinas system and capacity for governance

9、.明確新時代我國社會主要矛盾是人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾， 必須堅持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想， 不斷促進人的全面發(fā)展、全體人民共同富裕。明確中國特色社會主義事業(yè)總體布局是 “五位一體 ”、 戰(zhàn)略布局是 “四個全面” ，強調(diào)堅定道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信。明確全面深化改革總目標是完善和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義制度、 推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化。It makes clear that the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the

10、 Communist Party of China; the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Party is the highest force for political leadership. The Thought sets forth the general requirements for Party building in the new era and u

11、nderlines the importance of political work in Party building.明確中國特色社會主義最本質(zhì)的特征是中國共產(chǎn)黨領導， 中國特色社會主義制度的最大優(yōu)勢是中國共產(chǎn)黨領導， 黨是最高政治領導力量， 提出新時代黨的建 設總要求，突出政治建設在黨的建設中的重要地位。ATy *第三章公共行為 public activity 市場化 marketize 私有部門 private sector調(diào)控 regulate 公共管理 Public Administration(management)自由市場模式model of the free market 公

12、共政策 public policy市場機制 market mechanism 市場失靈 market failure 法律法規(guī) law and order國防 national defence 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生 hospitals and health care社會福利服務welfare services公共交通public transport私人物品 private goods 公共物品 public goods非排他性 non-excludable 政府供應/政府援助government provision/assistance武裝部隊 armed force 健康保險 health insura

13、nce風險評估 assess the risk政府參與 government involvement夕卜部性 externality 市場交易 market transaction溢出效應 spill-over effect政府管制(調(diào)控)government regulation 自然壟斷 natural monopoly私有化 privatization 信息不完美imperfect information信息不對稱asymmetric information 道德危機moral hazard制定法律基礎establishing a foundation of law保護弱勢群體prote

14、cting the vulnerable集體沖突的決議與調(diào)整the resolution and adjustment of group conflicts自由放任經(jīng)濟時代the time of laissez-faire economics基本制度 basic institution 財產(chǎn)權 property right合同的執(zhí)行 the enforcement of contract求正義 in pursuance of justice 政府監(jiān)管 government monitor控制工資 control over wages貧困 poverty 失業(yè) unemployment 預算 b

15、udget 貨幣政策 monetary policyAlthough the sale of goods and services is the basis of a capitalist society, there are some circumstances where marketsmay not provide all the goods and services that are desired, or may do so in ways which adversely affect the society as a whole.The market mechanism alone

16、 cannot perform all economic functions; public policy is needed to guide, correct, and supplement it in certain respects.盡管資本主義社會以產(chǎn)品和服務銷售為基礎， 但在某一些情況下， 市場不能提供人們所需要的所有產(chǎn)品與服務， 或者說即便市場能提供所有的產(chǎn)品與服務， 也必 然會給社會帶來消極影響。 市場機制本身不可能發(fā)揮所有的經(jīng)濟功能， 在某些方 面，公共政策需要引導、修正和補充市場經(jīng)濟。Market failure is one way in which government

17、 action can be justified.Some of the goods or services which markets may not provide optimally include:education, law and order, environmental values, national defence, roads and bridges, hospitals and health care, welfare services, public transport and the like.政府行為往往在市場失靈的地方體現(xiàn)其合理性與價值。 市場不能最優(yōu)地提供的產(chǎn)品

18、與服務有：教育、法律法規(guī)、環(huán)境價值、國防、道路橋梁、醫(yī)院和醫(yī)療保健、福利服務、公共交通等。第四章電子政務（電子化政府） Electronic Government 發(fā)展中國家developing country政府決策political decision-making 公共政策public policy國際組織international organization現(xiàn)代的/ 高效的/透明的/參與的/ 顧客至上的政府modern/efficient/transparent/participatory/customer-oriented government善治 good governance 公民社

19、會 civil society納稅人taxpayer公共基金public funds管理成效 administrative efficiency 個人 individuals 國家改革 state reform公共服務質(zhì)量the qulity of public services 民主參與 democratic participation公共事務 common affairs 改革部門管理 public sector management責任 accountability 法律制度 rule of law 透明度 transparency政治體制改革 reforms of political

20、institutions議會 parliament 選舉體制 electoral regime市場競爭 market competition司法 /行政/財政改革judicial administrative fiscal reform下放職權 decentralization提高生產(chǎn)率raise labor productivity 公共采購 public procurement公共基金 public fund 公民權利 civil right 公民義務 civil duty( 或 civil obligation ) 個人自由personal libert(y 或 individual f

21、reedom ) 政府能力 government competence政治程序 Political Processes放 openness交往 political communication電子民主(網(wǎng)絡民主) e-democracy 代表式民主representative democracy弱勢群體 disadvantaged populationIn the context of rapidly changing roles for public and private actors in the development process, e-government is seen as a

22、n instrument to simultaneously increase the efficiency of public administration, improve public service delivery, and strengthen the openness and transparency of political processes.在發(fā)展過程中， 在快速轉變公共和私人角色的環(huán)境下， 電子政務被視為既可以提高公共行政的效率，改進公共服務質(zhì)量，又可以增加行政進程的開放和透明。One of the most important arguments in favour o

23、f e-government reform is that it raises the internal or production efficiency of public institutions, thus saving taxpayer s money. There are, in theory, two basic ways to achieve this. One is, to raise labour productivity and cut employment by means of the automation of administrative procedures an

24、d the simplification of processes. The other one is, to lower the costs of public procurement by means of better information on prices, promotion of market competition and more transparent and market-friendly purchasing procedures.推行電子政務改革最重要的一點就是它可以提高公共體制的內(nèi)部效率或公共產(chǎn)品的效率，節(jié)省納稅人的錢。從理論上講，基本途徑有兩個。一是通過行政程序

25、自動化和過程簡單化， 來提高勞動生產(chǎn)率和節(jié)省編制； 二是通過更加了解市場價格， 促進市場競爭， 以及通過更加透明、 市場化的采購程序來降低公共采購的費 用。AtV第五章人事資源管理 human resource management(HRMI)fc善務 improve service規(guī) 模 ?組 織 ?成 本 ?回 應 ?質(zhì) 量 ?實 效 ?服 務 ?預 算 ?采 購 事 宜 ?調(diào) 控size?organization?cost?responsiveness?qulity?timeliness?service?budget?procurement practices ? regulatory

26、activity高效率，低成本 work better and cost les於開聽證會 public hearings呆板 ?效率低下?反應遲鈍inflexible ? inefficient ? unresponsive政治任命 political appointment 國家立法機關 state legislature法院 court公眾監(jiān)督 public scrutiny 監(jiān)管機構 oversight agency媒體 the media預算 ?人事 ?審計budget ?personnel ?auditing共識、妥協(xié)、開放consensus?compromise?openness

27、游說團體 lobby group 工會 labor union文官制度(公務員制度) civil service ?merit system腐敗 corruption 減少沖突 reduce conflict 增加合作 increase cooperation功績制(績效制) merit system 官僚政治 bureaucracy擇優(yōu)錄用 merit hiring 政府權限 government jurisdictionsAcross the nation, all levels of government are being called on to improve service an

28、d responsiveness.These calls for reform, often called re-engineering or reinventing government, address virtually every aspect of public sector and operations, including size, organization, cost, responsiveness,quality, timeliness, service, budgeting and procurement practices, and regulatory activit

29、ies.These seems to be almost unanimous agreement that public sector HRM systems are not working-that personnel is inflexible, inefficient, and unresponsive.人們要求政府的各個部門改善服務、 提高反應能力。 這些改革的呼聲， 也稱為 “政 府重構 ”或 “政府重建 ” ，幾乎涵蓋公共部門結構和執(zhí)行的各個方面，包括規(guī)模、組織、成本、質(zhì)量、時效、服務、預算和慣例，以及調(diào)控措施。人們似乎一致認同公共部門的人力資源管理體系運作不良 人事僵滯、效率低下

30、、反應遲鈍。At every level of government, personnel/HRM systems are being criticized as inflexible, unresponsive, slow, rule-bound, and user-unfriendly. Civil service systems are criticized for not meeting the needs of their customers-both the customers within the organization that personnel exists to sup

31、port and the citizens government exists to serve.人們批評政府各個部門的人事和人力資源體系呆板、反應遲鈍、拖拉、教條、冷淡。批評公民服務體系不能滿足客戶的需求-包括人事機構內(nèi)部的服務對象和公共部門服務的對象第六章政治行政兩分法politics-administration dichotomy政治中立political neutrality 政治傾向 political partiality政治偏好 political preference 政治同情 political sympathies中立能力neutral competence 公務員 pu

32、blic servant任命 appoint 提拔 promot政黨分贓制 spoils system 官僚體系 bureaucratic systemFor more than half a century now, the so-called politics-administration dichotomy da?ka :t?mihas been one of the most disreputable d?s?r?pj?t?b?liotions in the field of public administration. It is widely regarded both unfea

33、sible and undesirable to keep politics and administration apart; their relationship is presently depictedas complementaryrather than dichotomous. 半個世紀以前， 所謂的政治-行政兩分法在公共行政領域是最受爭議的概念之一。人們普遍認為政治與行政分開既不可行， 也不符合需求； 目前二者的關系往往被定義為 “互補 ”而不是兩分對立。Political neutrality is a doctrine or convention requiring that

34、 public servants do not engage in activities which impair or appear to impair their ability to carry out their official duties in a politically impartial manner.政治中立是信條， 或者慣例， 要求公職人員不能參與消弱或可能消弱其行政能力的活動，而是以政治公平的態(tài)度行使職責。第七章犯罪指數(shù) indicator of corruption 人均收入水平per capita income兒童死亡率child mortality 識字水平（讀寫

35、能力） literacy經(jīng)濟政策 economic policy 權力制衡 balance of powers政府干預 government intervention 市場失靈 market failure信息不對稱Information Asymmetry政府內(nèi)部交易 transactions within the government私人供給 private provision 監(jiān)管失靈 monitoring failure政治責任 political accountability 政治家偏好politicians preference經(jīng)濟競爭機制 economic competition mechanism職權濫用 abuse of authority 新聞與表達自由 freedom of press and expression相互牽制與制衡機制 checks-and-balancesmechanisms政治競爭 political competition 中央政府 central government立法 ?行政 ?司法權力 legislative?executive?judiciary po