第六現(xiàn)實中的市場學(xué)習教案

1、會計學(xué)1第六第六 現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)實(xinsh)中的市場中的市場第一頁，共87頁。第1頁/共87頁第二頁，共87頁。第2頁/共87頁第三頁，共87頁。第3頁/共87頁第四頁，共87頁。第4頁/共87頁第五頁，共87頁。The rent increased to $20 a month and the quantity decreased to 72,000 units.第5頁/共87頁第六頁，共87頁。apartments are built.Long-Run Adjustment第6頁/共87頁第七頁，共87頁。第7頁/共87頁第八頁，共87頁。The quantity of housing inc

2、reases and the rent falls to the pre-earthquake levels (other things remaining the same).第8頁/共87頁第九頁，共87頁。nBut if the rent ceiling is set below the equilibrium rent, it has powerful effects.A Regulated Housing Market第9頁/共87頁第十頁，共87頁。month.A rent ceiling is set at $16 a month.So the equilibrium rent

3、is in the illegal region.第10頁/共87頁第十一頁，共87頁。第11頁/共87頁第十二頁，共87頁。第12頁/共87頁第十三頁，共87頁。Because the legal price cannot eliminate the shortage, other mechanisms operate: Search activity Black markets第13頁/共87頁第十四頁，共87頁。nBecause the quantity of housing is less than the quantity in an unregulated market, the

4、opportunity cost of housing exceeds the unregulated rent.第14頁/共87頁第十五頁，共87頁。第15頁/共87頁第十六頁，共87頁。第16頁/共87頁第十七頁，共87頁。People use resources in search activity, which decreases producer surplus and consumer surplus.And a deadweight loss arises.第17頁/共87頁第十八頁，共87頁。第18頁/共87頁第十九頁，共87頁。 Queues Discrimination第1

5、9頁/共87頁第二十頁，共87頁。第20頁/共87頁第二十一頁，共87頁。nlucky few and raise them for everyone else.nWinners are long-standing residents.nLosers are mobile newcomers.第21頁/共87頁第二十二頁，共87頁。第22頁/共87頁第二十三頁，共87頁。A new labor market equilibrium arises at a lower wage rate and a smaller quantity of labor employed.第23頁/共87頁第二十四

6、頁，共87頁。第24頁/共87頁第二十五頁，共87頁。nIf long-run supply is perfectly elastic, the equilibrium wage rate returns to its initial level (other things remaining the same).第25頁/共87頁第二十六頁，共87頁。第26頁/共87頁第二十七頁，共87頁。第27頁/共87頁第二十八頁，共87頁。第28頁/共87頁第二十九頁，共87頁。The minimum wage rate is set at $5 an hour.So the equilibrium

7、wage rate is in the illegal region.The quantity of labor employed is the quantity demanded.第29頁/共87頁第三十頁，共87頁。第30頁/共87頁第三十一頁，共87頁。With only 20 million hours demanded, some workers are willing to supply the last hour demanded for $3.Unemployment is the gap between the quantity demanded and the quanti

8、ty supplied.第31頁/共87頁第三十二頁，共87頁。第32頁/共87頁第三十三頁，共87頁。If resources are used in job search activity, workers surplus and firms surplus decrease. And a deadweight loss arises.第33頁/共87頁第三十四頁，共87頁。第34頁/共87頁第三十五頁，共87頁。第35頁/共87頁第三十六頁，共87頁。nsimilar to those of a minimum wage.第36頁/共87頁第三十七頁，共87頁。pay!第37頁/共87頁

9、第三十八頁，共87頁。nIf the price doesnt rise at all, the seller pays the tax.第38頁/共87頁第三十九頁，共87頁。第39頁/共87頁第四十頁，共87頁。A tax on sellers of $1.50 a pack is introduced.Supply decreases and the curve S + tax on sellers shows the new supply curve.第40頁/共87頁第四十一頁，共87頁。第41頁/共87頁第四十二頁，共87頁。The price received by the se

10、llers falls to $2.50 a pack.So with the tax of $1.50 a pack, buyers pay $1.00 a pack more and sellers receive 50 a pack less.第42頁/共87頁第四十三頁，共87頁。A tax on buyers of $1.50 a pack is introduced.Demand decreases and the curve D tax on buyers shows the new demand curve.第43頁/共87頁第四十四頁，共87頁。第44頁/共87頁第四十五頁，

11、共87頁。So with the tax of $1.50 a pack, buyers pay $1.00 a pack more and sellers receive 50 a pack less.The price paid by buyers rises to $4.00 a pack.第45頁/共87頁第四十六頁，共87頁。regardless of whether the law says the seller pays or the buyer pays.第46頁/共87頁第四十七頁，共87頁。第47頁/共87頁第四十八頁，共87頁。pays the entire tax.第4

12、8頁/共87頁第四十九頁，共87頁。第49頁/共87頁第五十頁，共87頁。on this good, the seller pays the entire tax.第50頁/共87頁第五十一頁，共87頁。第51頁/共87頁第五十二頁，共87頁。第52頁/共87頁第五十三頁，共87頁。entire tax.第53頁/共87頁第五十四頁，共87頁。第54頁/共87頁第五十五頁，共87頁。the entire tax.第55頁/共87頁第五十六頁，共87頁。第56頁/共87頁第五十七頁，共87頁。第57頁/共87頁第五十八頁，共87頁。第58頁/共87頁第五十九頁，共87頁。the supply c

13、urve, decreases the equilibrium quantity, raises the price to the buyer, and lowers the price to the seller.第59頁/共87頁第六十頁，共87頁。第60頁/共87頁第六十一頁，共87頁。The decreased quantity creates a deadweight loss.第61頁/共87頁第六十二頁，共87頁。第62頁/共87頁第六十三頁，共87頁。the momentary supply curve MS0.nThe price is $4 a bushel and far

14、m total revenue is $80 billion.第63頁/共87頁第六十四頁，共87頁。Farmers lose $20 billion of total revenue on the decreased quantity sold.But they gain $30 billion from the higher price.Because demand for wheat is inelastic, total revenue increasesto $90 billion.第64頁/共87頁第六十五頁，共87頁。第65頁/共87頁第六十六頁，共87頁。Farmers los

15、e $40 billion of total revenue on the original quantity because the price falls.They gain only $10 billion from the increased quantity.Because demand for wheat is inelastic, total revenue decreasesto $50 billion.第66頁/共87頁第六十七頁，共87頁。第67頁/共87頁第六十八頁，共87頁。第68頁/共87頁第六十九頁，共87頁。With no subsidy, the price i

16、s $40 a ton and the 40 million tons a year are produced.With a subsidy of $20 a ton, marginal cost minus subsidy falls by $20 a ton and the new supply curve is S subsidy.第69頁/共87頁第七十頁，共87頁。第70頁/共87頁第七十一頁，共87頁。With the subsidy, farmers receive more on each ton soldthe price of $30 a ton plus the subs

17、idy of $20 a ton, which is $50 a ton.But farmers marginal cost increases to $50 a ton.第71頁/共87頁第七十二頁，共87頁。With no quota, the price is $30 a ton and 60 million tons a year are produced.With the quota, total production decreases to 40 million tons a year.The market price rises to $50 a ton and margina

18、l cost falls to $20 a ton.第72頁/共87頁第七十三頁，共87頁。第73頁/共87頁第七十四頁，共87頁。第74頁/共87頁第七十五頁，共87頁。Figure 6.15 shows the market for a drug such as marijuana.Market equilibrium is at point E.The price is PC and the quantity is QC.第75頁/共87頁第七十六頁，共87頁。the cost of trading to the drug increases.nFigure 6.15 shows the effect of these penalties.A Market for an Illegal Drug第76頁/共87頁第七十七頁，共87頁。drug decreases to S + CBL.The new equilibrium is at point F. The price rises and the quantity decreases.第77頁/共87頁第七十八頁，共87頁。第78頁/共87頁第七十九頁，共87頁。the drug decreases to D CBL.The new equilibrium is at point G. The