13級自動化三班李宏旭P131814125專業(yè)英語期中作業(yè)

1、 自動化專業(yè)英語期中作業(yè)翻譯內(nèi)容： 教材 Unit 2 題 目：Why Learn Scientific English 學(xué) 院： 電氣工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級： 2013級自動化三班 學(xué) 號： P131814125 信（50）順（20）雅（5）排版（25）總分（100）評閱教師姓 名： 李宏旭 Unit 2 Why Learn Scientific English第二單元 為什么學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)英語Text A Major Scientific Discoveries and Inventions A 重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明Since the industrial revolution in the 18th

2、 century,science has progressively developed importang influences on the life of people throughout the world. Technological achievements such as the motorvehicle,refrigerator,television and computer are just some example of use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes which we have now taken f

3、or granted. The refrigerator,for example,was based on the scientific concept of evaporative cooling,in which latent heat is released during evaporation as the air carries off water vapor.Instead of water,the refrigerator performs cooling using chemicals.自從18世紀工業(yè)革命以后，科學(xué)發(fā)展的重要性已經(jīng)逐步地影響生活在世界上的人們。技術(shù)成果如汽車，

4、冰箱，電視機的電腦，這些都是將科學(xué)知識運用到實際生活中的例子我們現(xiàn)在都習(xí)以為常了，舉例來說吧，冰箱是基于蒸發(fā)冷卻的科學(xué)概念，在蒸發(fā)過程中，空氣帶走水蒸氣的同時，也把潛熱釋放出來，冰箱是用化學(xué)物質(zhì)進行冷卻，而不是用水。Perhaps the more well-known breakthroughs of scientific research are those that led to medical advancement which saves lives, such as the discovery of penicillin, open-heart surgery, radiother

5、apy and eradication of the disease smallpox There occurs other scientific research which has shaped our modern society ( Table l-l). like those that led to the synthetic materials such as plastics which many of us encounter daily, the various forms of agricultural practices which maximize crop yield

6、, the treatment of wirer fit for human consumption, and the list goes on. 也許在科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，更為著名的突破是帶來醫(yī)療的進步，從而拯救了無數(shù)的生命，比如青霉素的發(fā)現(xiàn)，心臟移植手術(shù)，放射性治療和癌癥的根除，預(yù)防天花的再現(xiàn)，這些塑造了我們的現(xiàn)代社會的科學(xué)研究（表1-1）像那些導(dǎo)致的合成材料如我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹乃芰?，使農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量最大化提高了各種形式的農(nóng)業(yè)實踐，這種處理適合人們的消費，這樣的例子不勝枚舉。Table 2-1 Major Scientific Discoveries in the 20th Century and U

7、p to presentYearsMajor scientific discoveriesMajor inventions1900sfunction of white blood cells, buffer solutions, mammalian sexchromosomes XX and YY,Avogadros number vacuum cleaner, air conditioning, electrocardiogram first powered flight, plastic, radio broadcasting, color photography, electric wa

8、shing machine 1910sdiffraction of roentgen rays, role of chromosomes, first vitamins,continental drift theory, isotopes,theory of relativity structure of the atom, mass spectroscope neon light, stainless steel,detergent, frozen food, refrigerator, sonar, talking motion pictures demonstrated1920sinsu

9、lin carcinogenic effect of UV radiation, penicillin, Big Bang ,oestrogen.Broadcasting, television, Liquid-fuelled rocket, aerosol sprays, Geiger tube,Synthetic rubber1930sElectrophoresis, radio astronomy, Molecular orbital theory, cortisone Imprinting in young animals, nuclear fissionJet engine, col

10、or film andMovies electron microscope, FM radio, radar, photocopying, nylon,Automatic transmission for cars1940sKrebs cycle, function of DNA,Carbon dating, role of genes in Controlling chemical reactions, Ultrasound to scan foetusHelicopters, silicon solar cell,Nuclear reactor, microwave,Ovens, tran

11、sistors, general purpose computers1950sDifferent RNAs in organisms, double-helical model of DNA, structurally modified antibiotics, sodium pump pump in nerve transmission, polio vaccine, cause of Downs syndromeColor television, hovercraft, solar-powered battery, video tape recorder, satellite, modem

12、s, microchip, laser, contraceptive pill, heart pacemaker1960sQuasars and pulsars, genetic code, human growth hormone, live-virus vaccine against German measles successful heart transplantAudio cassette tapes, electronic calculator, space flight, diesel-engine passenger car, word processor, optical d

13、isc, fiber optics, domestic microwave oven1970sRestriction enzymes, genetic engineering, in vitro fertilization, smallpox eradicated, monoclonal antibiotics, test-tube babyFloppy and compact disc, personal computer and supercomputer, printers, microprocessor, space station, CAT scanner, mobile phone

14、s1980sHIV responsible for AIDS, hepatitis B vaccine, polymerase chain reaction, DNA fingerprinting, black holes confirmedSpace shuttle, internet, high temperature superconductor,CD-ROM, X-ray laser, coaxial cable, artificial satellite1990sGenetically modified food, cloning from adult cells, antimatt

15、er provenWord Wide Web, DVD, Hubble space telescope, nanotechnology2000sGene control by RNA, nanocircuits, synthetic virus, human genome project completed, cloning of human embryoipod, artificial heart and liver,hybrid petrol-electric passenger car, toy robot表2-1 20世紀到現(xiàn)在的主要科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)年代主要的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)主要的發(fā)明1900年白細胞

16、的功能, 緩沖溶液，哺乳動物的性別染色體XX和YY，阿伏伽德羅數(shù) 真空吸塵器，空調(diào)器，心電圖，飛行器，塑料，無線電廣播，彩色照片，洗衣機 1910年X衍射射線，染色體的作用，第一種維生素，大陸漂移理論，同位素，相對論，原子的結(jié)構(gòu)，分光鏡。霓虹燈，不銹鋼，洗衣粉，冷凍食品，冰箱，聲納，動畫電影演示（相當于幻燈片）。1920年胰島素，紫外線輻射起致癌效應(yīng)，青霉素，宇宙大爆炸，雌激素。廣播，電視，液體燃料火箭，噴霧劑，蓋革管，合成橡膠。1930年電泳、射電天文學(xué)、分子軌道理論、可的松、年幼動物的印記，核裂變。噴氣發(fā)動機，彩色膠片電影、電子顯微鏡、FM收音機、雷達、復(fù)印、尼龍、汽車自動變速器。1940

17、年克雷布斯循環(huán)，DNA，碳定年，基因在控制化學(xué)反應(yīng)的作用，超聲波掃描胎兒直升飛機，硅太陽能電池，核反應(yīng)堆，微波爐，烤箱，晶體管，通用計算機。1950年組織內(nèi)各種RNA，DNA雙螺旋模型、結(jié)構(gòu)改性的抗生素，鈉在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳輸，脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗，唐氏綜合征的原因。彩色電視、氣墊船、太陽能電池、錄像機、衛(wèi)星調(diào)制解調(diào)器、微芯片、激光、避孕藥、心臟起搏器。1960年類星體和脈沖星、遺傳密碼、人類生長激素、風疹疫苗，成功的首例心臟移植手術(shù)。錄音帶，電子計算器，航天飛機，柴油機，車，字處理器，光盤，光纖，家用微波爐。1970年限制酶，基因工程，體外受精，天花疫苗，單克隆抗生素，試管嬰兒。軟盤和光盤，個人計算機

18、和超級計算機，打印機，微處理器，空間站，CAT掃描儀，移動電話。1980年艾滋病病毒，乙肝疫苗，聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)，核酸指紋，黑洞的確認。航天飛機，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，高溫超導(dǎo)，光盤，X射線激光，同軸電纜，人造衛(wèi)星。1990年轉(zhuǎn)基因食品，體細胞克隆技術(shù)，反物質(zhì)的證明。萬維網(wǎng)，光盤，哈勃太空望遠鏡，納米技術(shù)。2000年RNA對基因的控制，納米電路，合成病毒，人類基因組計劃的完成，人類胚胎克隆技術(shù)。iPod、人工心臟和肝臟，油電混合動力客車，玩具機器人。The importance of science to modern societies cannot be underestimated. Scientists

19、 are forever seeking and discovering answers to questions that concern people, their environment, and even the universe. Are vaccines available to prevent a disease? Is there a method chat can maximize crop yields? How do we rid of pollutants in our drinking water? What can we do about global climat

20、ic Changes? Can we invent a building material that can withstand extreme weather conditions? As a scientist, you may provide answers to these or other questions asked by the society. 科學(xué)技術(shù)對于現(xiàn)代社會的重要性不可估計?？茖W(xué)家永遠在追尋發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)人類問題的答案，他們生存的環(huán)境，乃至宇宙。疫苗有益于預(yù)防疾病嗎？有沒有方法最大化農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量？我們怎樣才可以免除飲用水中的污染物？關(guān)于全球氣候變化我們可以做些什么？我們可以發(fā)

21、明一種可以經(jīng)受住惡劣氣候條件的建筑材料嗎？作為一個科學(xué)家，你或許可以提供這些問題或者其他由社會提出的答案。 Text B Importance of technology English 科技英語的重要性Technology English is essential for you . it is to necessary to communicate any new findings, achievements, ideas and predictions to other scientists, governments and general public .this need has l

22、ed to a huge range of the literature being dedicated to science. results of scientific research are often documented and communicates through international journals ,a vast majority of which are in English. In fact, more than 90% of scientific articles are written in English, even though only half o

23、f them come from authors in English-speaking countries. this means nearly all scientific research is communicated through English regardless of the nationality of the researchers. certainly the most reputable international journals are in English ,therefore if you want to read the best science artic

24、les ,you must know how to read in English ,and if you want to write the results of your research to an international audience, then your article must be in English .publishing in an English-language journal allows a broader readership and better recognition. if you publish your article in Chinese, t

25、hen only Chinese people can read your work. if you are an active scientist who wants to either develop or retain a reputation in your area of research ,you have a greater chance of achieving this if you can present, write and discuss your topic in English. Even if you are not directly involved in re

26、search, it is likely that in your work you will encounter books written in English. If you are a graduate student ,you would be required to summarize your thesis or dissertations in English .科技英語對你至關(guān)重要。對于其他科學(xué)家，政府以及公眾來說，溝通交流新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，成就，想法和預(yù)測是非常必要的。這種需求就導(dǎo)致了文學(xué)在一個廣泛的范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用于科學(xué)。科學(xué)研究的結(jié)果經(jīng)常被記錄并通過國際期刊進行交流，其中絕大多數(shù)都是

27、英文的。事實上，90%以上的科學(xué)文章都是用英文寫的，即使只有一半的人來自說英語的國家。這意味著幾乎所有的科學(xué)研究都是通過英語溝通，而不管研究人員的國籍。當然最著名的國際期刊是英文，因此，如果你想讀最好的科學(xué)文章，你必須知道如何讀英語。如果你想把研究結(jié)果投向國際雜志，那么你的文章必須是英語。出版的英文雜志允許更廣泛的研究，可以得到讀者更廣的認可。而如果你用中文發(fā)表文章，那么只有中國人才能讀到你的作品。如果你是一個活躍的科學(xué)家，想要在你的研究領(lǐng)域中保持或提升自己的聲譽，而你能用英語書寫和討論你的話題，那么你將有更大的機會實現(xiàn)這個目標。即使你沒有直接參與研究，很可能在你的工作中，你會遇到用英語寫的書

28、。如果你是個研究生（大學(xué)畢業(yè)生），你需要用英語總結(jié)你的論點或論文。 In china today, if you are serious about becoming a respected scientist, you must be able to communicate in English. Competition for academic positions is high , with increasing number of local students graduating and foreign-trained students returning. it is not su

29、rprising that many Local students and young scientists in china finish up working in a different profession from the one they preferred or had trained for. Of those who are dedicated to a career in science, overseas training or work becomes an attractive option. However, only the top students (and t

30、hose with wealthy relatives)are able to obtain scholarship to finance their tuition fees. Not surprisingly, because of their good training ,cross-cultural intellectual experience and command of English, foreign-trained phD students(and researchers with experience in a foreign country)are often favor

31、ed over local-trained scientists in obtaining preferred jobs upon their return. Whichever direction you take ,an ability to communicate in English would be a distinct advantage. In scientific，it is not just plain English you need to know, and not just technology English either, technology English.在中

32、國的今天，如果你真的想成為一個受人尊敬的科學(xué)家，你必須能夠用英語進行溝通。學(xué)術(shù)地位的競爭是高的，越來越多的國內(nèi)學(xué)生畢業(yè)，海龜回國。，這并不令人驚訝許多國內(nèi)的學(xué)生和年輕的科學(xué)家他們過去喜歡或者受過訓(xùn)練他們的工作是不同的，在中國完成了不同職業(yè)的工作。當然那些專門致力于科學(xué)事業(yè)，海外培訓(xùn)或工作成為了一個有吸引力的選擇方向。然而，只有最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生能夠獲得獎學(xué)金來資助他們的學(xué)費。毫不奇怪，因為他們有良好的培訓(xùn)，跨文化英語知識經(jīng)驗并且得到掌握，外國培養(yǎng)的博士生（和在外國有經(jīng)驗的研究人員）在工作機會下首選的往往是在當?shù)厥苓^教育的科學(xué)家，并且獲得高報酬。無論你采取哪一個方向，用英語交流的能力都是一個明顯的優(yōu)勢

33、。在科學(xué)上，科技英語不僅是你需要知道的，而且也不僅僅是科技英語一種。Because scientific academic English is different from common or ordinary English, a scientist needs to comprehend technology English so that scientific articles can be understood. For people who do not deal with science ,but is interested in reading science informat

34、ion, there is a discipline known as ”science communication “that had been developed to improve the understand of evidence-based information by lay audiences who do not understanding a good deal of technology English. Indeed, there now exists a wealth of English science magazines and books containing

35、 plain science information catered for the wider readership of the general public. But if you are in the sciences, then you cannot avoid ityou must know how to communicate in academic English.因為科學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)英語與普通英語是不同的，科學(xué)家需要理解科技英語，這樣才能理解科學(xué)文章。對于那些不掌握科學(xué)的人，但對閱讀科學(xué)信息感興趣的人，有一門學(xué)科被稱為“科學(xué)傳播”，已經(jīng)發(fā)展到提高認識的基礎(chǔ)信息上，讀者不知道技術(shù)英語

36、很好的能處理。事實上，現(xiàn)在有一個豐富的英語科學(xué)雜志和書籍包含科學(xué)信息來迎合廣泛的公眾讀者群。但如果你是在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，那么你不能避免它，你必須知道在學(xué)術(shù)英語如何溝通。Technology English is not restricted to reading writing-oral presentation of scientific papers in English requires familiarity with technology English and the ability to use that fluently and accurately. most internatio

37、nal scientific conferences are held in English and therefore Chinese attending these conferences need to understand English spoken by, and speak to other scientists. This is particularly important if you are to present papers and participate in discussions. Even normal conversation with a western sc

38、ientist requires some knowledge of technology English.科技英語不僅僅局限于閱讀寫作-英語科技論文的口頭介紹，要求熟悉科技英語和流利準確地使用英語的能力。大多數(shù)國際科學(xué)會議都是用英語進行的，因此，中國參加這些會議需要了解英語，并與其他科學(xué)家交談。如果你參與論文和討論，這是特別重要的。就連一個西方科學(xué)家都需要一些知識的技術(shù)英語。It is an advantage, and not a disadvantage, that science today is communicated largely through a single language.