高考復(fù)習(xí)筆記-英語備考

1、高考英語沖刺筆記整理高中英語語法權(quán)威解析目錄:第01章 名詞性從句第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解第03章 高中英語語法中的省略現(xiàn)象第04章 主謂一致第05章 動(dòng)詞不定式第06章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)第07章 定語從句第08章 被動(dòng)語態(tài)第09章 祈使句第10章 感嘆句第11章 疑問句第12章 名詞第一章 名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一. 主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句

2、中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。c)

3、 It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is + 名詞 + 從句It is a fact that 事實(shí)是It is an honor that 非常榮幸It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)(2) It is + 形容詞 + 從句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It

4、 is + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 從句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎(4) It + 過去分詞 + 從句It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It has been proved that 已證實(shí)It is said that 據(jù)說3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：(1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(2)It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next

5、week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(3)It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(4)It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It doesnt matter whether he

6、 is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(5)含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語.賓語.表語，而that 則不然。例如：a) What you said yesterday is right.b

7、) That she is still alive is a consolation二.賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞 (及物動(dòng)詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如：I heard that be joined the army. 我聽說他參軍了。(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如：a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b) I wonder whether you can change this

8、note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3) 動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。2. 作介詞的賓語，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3. 作形容詞的賓語，例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anx

9、ious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。4. it 可以作為形式賓語it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如：We heard it that she would

10、 get married next month. 我聽說她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動(dòng)詞

11、有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, ima

12、gine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good

13、 preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1. 同位語從句的功能同位語從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：1

14、) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既

15、代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征;同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。)(第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by h

16、im.(湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。)(同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分)高一英語名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1._he does has nothing to do with me.A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come aboutC. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come abo

17、ut3. Energy is _makes thing work.A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have n

18、o idea at all_.A. where he has gone B. where did he goC. which place has he gone D. where has he gone7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease.A. that B. which C. of which D. of that8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning.A. that ;ha

19、d to leave B. that; should leaveC. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match.A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research.A. that B. which C. whether D

20、. if11. Is _he said really true?A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter.A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray.A. while B. if C. that D. for14. ?_more countries can use natural energy in the futur

21、e remains to be seen.A. Whether B. This C. who D. If15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A. What B. That C. Whether D. If16. _you dont like him is none of my business.A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded.A. What; what

22、B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer.A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B. That C. How D. WhereKe

23、ys:15 ABABC 610 AABAC 1115 BBCAB 1620 BCBAA第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解It 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實(shí)詞表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that;替代前文中的內(nèi)容;指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事;指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象二、It用作形式主語替代作主語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。It 作形式主語的常見句型：1. 代

24、作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式，其句型為(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.此處adj. 通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, f

25、it, useful, useless, dangerous例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.此處adj. 通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例 Its kind of you to

26、 help me with the problem.(3) It替代作主語的動(dòng)名詞的常見句型Its no good/use doingIts (well)worth doingIts (well)worth ones while doing/to doIts (well)worth while doing/ to do例 Its no use crying over spilt milk.2. It替代作主語的從句常見句型(1) It is + noun +從句例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at

27、 office.(2) It is adj. +clauseIts surprising that (should)竟然Its a pity/shame that(should)竟然例 Its important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=Its of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clauseIt+surprise/delight

28、/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)(4) It verb (to sb.) that= sb/sth verb to do(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire

29、, turn out , work out)例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)(5) It is v-ed that=sb/sth is to do(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know)例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorc

30、ed.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)(6) It is v-ed that (should)(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語的句型1. It takes sb. to do(=sb takesto do)某人用多長時(shí)間做某事例 It took the men a week to mend ou

31、r roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)2. Its (just)(un)like sb. to do(不)像某人做某事的風(fēng)格例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.3. Its (about/high) time that should /v-ed是該做某事的時(shí)候了例 Its(about/high) time that we should take action.4. Its the x-th time (that) have v-ed第幾次做某事了例 Its the third

32、time that he has failed the driving test.5. It is/has been since continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) 某動(dòng)作已有多長時(shí)間不發(fā)生了例 Its 10 years that he lived here6. It was(not) before過(不)了多長時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了例 It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語用來替代作賓語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。It 作形式賓語的常見句型：1. verb+ it+ adj./noun

33、 (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that youll do the task on your own.2. verb+it+adj./noun (ones) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth ones while/a waste of

34、time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 Ill make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that (should)verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that(should)(verb=think, bel

35、ieve, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5. v. +it + prep. + thatowe it to sb. that

36、把歸功于leave it to sb that把留給某人去做take it for granted that 想當(dāng)然keep it in mind that例 Dont bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.6. It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后例 I hate it you can swim so

37、well and I cant.7. It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后(except that例外)例 Im for it that you will follow their advice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who。在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity?2. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句時(shí)，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由

38、because所引導(dǎo)的從句例 It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school yesterday.3. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)not until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4. 注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句的區(qū)別例 It was at 7 oclock that he came here yesterday.( 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)It was 7 oclock when h

39、e came here yesterday.(定語從句)六、It 常用的固定搭配1. make it(1).在口語當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)例 Its hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語中相當(dāng)于fix the date for,表示“約定好時(shí)間”例 Shall we meet next week?OK. We just make it next Saturday.2. as it is(1).相當(dāng)于in fact, in reality表示“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際情況是”例 We had plane

40、d to finish the task today, but as it is we probably wont finish it until next week.(2).相當(dāng)于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣”例 Leave the table as it is.3. as it were 相當(dāng)于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說”例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4. if it werent for/if it hadnt been for用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣，相當(dāng)于wi

41、thout, or but for, 表示“如果不是，要不是”例 If it werent for Tom, I wouldnt be alive today.5. thats it(1). 相當(dāng)于Thats all. Thats so much. 表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”例 You can have one more sweet, and thats it.(2). 相當(dāng)于 Thats right.表示“對(duì)啦”例 I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”Thats it.6. catch it 在口語中，相當(dāng)于be punished/

42、scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵，受責(zé)備，受批評(píng)，受懲罰”例 Well really catch it form our teacher if were late for class again.7. have it(1).相當(dāng)于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說”例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當(dāng)于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.8

43、. have what it takes在口語中，相當(dāng)于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9. so it seems / appears.10. Keep at it! (Dont give up!)相當(dāng)于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄”例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞12. Now you have done i

44、t! (You have done sth. wrong.)13. Now youll catch it! (Youll be punished.)14. As it happened, 在口語中，相當(dāng)于its a pity that, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”例 As it happened, they were out.15. As it turned out,在口語中，相當(dāng)于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”例 As it turned out, his statement was false.16. Such as it is(they

45、are) 在口語中，相當(dāng)于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價(jià)值”例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17. Take it/things easy. 相當(dāng)于Dont worry or dont hurry. 用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔(dān)心，存住氣”例 Take it easy! He will do it well.18. Take it from me.在口語中，相當(dāng)于believe me what I say.表示“請(qǐng)相信我的話，我敢擔(dān)?！崩?You can take

46、it from me that he will make it this time.19. For what it is worth在口語中，相當(dāng)于although Im not sure its of value, 表示“不管其價(jià)值如何”例 Here is the article I promise you, for what its worth.20. Worth it 在口語中，相當(dāng)于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”例 Dont hesitate about it! Its worth it.21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”例 Believe it o

47、r not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放棄例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.23. It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當(dāng)于it hasnt been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來”例 Are you going to the countryside for holiday?It/That all depends.24. Its

48、 up to sb. 在口語中，相當(dāng)于its decided by sb. 表示“由決定，由負(fù)責(zé)，取決于”例 Shall we go out for dinner?Its up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練1. Was it during the Second World War_ he died?A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88)2. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day?A.this B.that C.it D.he (89)3. I dont thin

49、k _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this B.that C.its D.it (91)4.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time?A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)5. It was not _ she took off her glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D

50、.when , then (92)6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected _ to be much better.A.that B.this C.one D.it (93)7. It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while B.which C.that D.since (94)8. _is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This

51、C.That D.It (95)9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until B.that C.then D.so (97)10. I hate_when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them (98)11. It is the ability to do the job _ matters not where you come from or what you are

52、.A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000)12.I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004)A. this B. that C. it D. one13. Do you like _ here?Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全國卷)A. this B. These C. That D. it14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitch

53、en. So Peter made _ from some wood. (全國卷)A. it B. One C. Himself D. another15. The foreign Minister said, _ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.(2004北京)A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is16. _ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (

54、2004北京)A. It B. As C. That D. What17. How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津) _, but usually once a week.A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didnt quite _ as planed. (2004浙江卷)A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up19. What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game._. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A. It just depends B. Its