計(jì)算機(jī)英語第三版機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社課后題目答案

1、Unit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Charles Babbage;Augusta Ada Byron2.input;output3.VLSI4.workstations;mainframes5.vacuum;transistors6.instructions;software7.digit;eight;byte8.microminiaturization;chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from Engli

2、sh into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial intelligence人工智能2.paper-tape reader紙帶閱讀器3.optical computer光計(jì)算機(jī)4.neural network神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)5.instruction set指令集6.parallel processing并行處理7.difference engine差分機(jī)8.versatile logical element通用邏輯元件9.silicon substrate硅襯底10.vacuum tube真空管11.數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理the storage and handling

3、 of data12.超大規(guī)模集成電路very large-scale integrated circuit13.中央處理器central processing unit14.個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)personal computer15.模擬計(jì)算機(jī)analogue computer16.數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)digital computer17.通用計(jì)算機(jī)general-purpose computer18.處理器芯片processor chip19.操作指令operating instructions20.輸入設(shè)備input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one

4、 of the words given in the following list,makingchanges if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,andproduces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital.They can also be classified as mainframes,minicomputer

5、s,workstations,or microcomputers.All else(for example,the age of the machinebeing equal,this categorization provides someindication of the computers speed,size,cost,and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers,there have been constant changes.First-generationcomputers of historic significance,su

6、ch as UNIVAC(通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī),introduced in theearly1950s,were based on vacuum tubes.Second-generation computers,appearing in theearly1960s,were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes.In third-generationcomputers,dating from the1960s,integrated circuits replaced transistors.In fourth-generationcomp

7、uters such as microcomputers,which first appeared in the mid-1970s,large-scaleintegration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip.Fifth-generationcomputers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approachesto computing,including artificial intelli

8、gence and true distributed processing.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:計(jì)算機(jī)將變得更加先進(jìn),也將變得更加容易使用。語音識(shí)別的改進(jìn)將使計(jì)算機(jī)的操作更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí),即使用所有人類官能與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行交互的技術(shù),也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機(jī)接口。人們正在開發(fā)其他的奇異計(jì)算模型,包括使用生物機(jī)體的生物計(jì)算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計(jì)算,以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA(脫氧核糖核酸存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行操作的計(jì)算。這些都是可能的未來計(jì)算平臺(tái)的例子,而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇?？?/p>

9、學(xué)家們研究它們,是因?yàn)榍度牍柚械碾娐返奈⑿⌒突艿轿锢硐拗?。還有一些限制與甚至最微小的晶體管也會(huì)產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。Unit One/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.erdisciplinary4.microprocessorII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial neu

10、ral network人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)puter architecture計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)3.robust computer program健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序4.human-computer interface人機(jī)接口5.knowledge representation知識(shí)表示6.數(shù)值分析numerical analysis7.程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境programming environment8.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)data structure9.存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息store and retrieve information10.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtual realityUnit One/Section CI.Fill in t

11、he blanks with the information given in the text:1.format2.synchronization3.virtual4.multimedia;third-partyII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.data field數(shù)據(jù)字段,數(shù)據(jù)域2.learning curve學(xué)習(xí)曲線3.third-party solution第三方解決方案4.Windows Media Player Windows媒體播放器5.開始

12、按鈕Start button6.指定輸入?yún)^(qū)designated input area7.手寫體識(shí)別系統(tǒng)handwriting-recognition system8.字符集character setUnit Two:Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.input;output;storage2.Basic Input/Output System3.flatbed scanners;hand-held scanners4.LCD-b

13、ased5.dot-matrix printers;inkjet printers6.disk drives;memory7.volatile8.serial;parallelII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key功能鍵,操作鍵2.voice recognition module語音識(shí)別模塊3.touch-sensitive region觸敏區(qū)4.address bus地址總線5.flatbed scanner平板掃描儀6.dot-ma

14、trix printer點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)(針式打印機(jī)7.parallel connection并行連接8.cathode ray tube陰極射線管9.video game電子游戲10.audio signal音頻信號(hào)11.操作系統(tǒng)operating system12.液晶顯示(器LCD(liquid crystal display13.噴墨打印機(jī)inkjet printer14.數(shù)據(jù)總線data bus15.串行連接serial connection16.易失性存儲(chǔ)器volatile memory17.激光打印機(jī)laser printer18.磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器disk drive19.基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)

15、BIOS(Basic Input/Output System20.視頻顯示器video displayIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,makingchanges if necessary:CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory.Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent1s and0s,optical discs u

16、se reflected light.On aCD-ROM disc,1s and0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy(高低不平的areas(called“pits”on its bottom surface.The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam oflight on these areas.The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a1or a0.Like a com

17、mercial CD found in music stores,a CD-ROM is a“read-only”disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user.Thus,you as a user haveaccess only to the data imprinted(壓印by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store650megabytes(兆字節(jié)of data.That is equivalent to451floppy disks.With that

18、 much information on a single disc,the time to retrieve or accessthe information is very important.An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is theiraccess rate.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在模擬和數(shù)字信號(hào)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)使用的是數(shù)字信號(hào),這種信號(hào)由離散單元組成,通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號(hào)是連續(xù)變化的;聲波就是

19、模擬信號(hào)的一個(gè)例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)之間通過電話線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成可通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。信號(hào)到達(dá)目的地后,另外一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來的數(shù)字信號(hào),供接收端計(jì)算機(jī)處理。如果兩個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可同時(shí)互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),那么它們采用的就是全雙工工作方式;如果一次只有一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方式。Unit Two/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.graphical2.file;scheduler3.virtual4.sl

20、iceII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and viceversa:1.interrupt handler中斷處理程序2.virtual memory虛擬存儲(chǔ)(器,虛存,虛擬內(nèi)存3.context switch上下文轉(zhuǎn)換,語境轉(zhuǎn)換4.main memory主存(儲(chǔ)器5.bit pattern位模式6.外圍設(shè)備peripheral device7.進(jìn)程表process table8.時(shí)間片time slice9.圖形用戶界面graphical user interface10.海量存儲(chǔ)器ma

21、ss storageUnit Two/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.repository2.central;sub-systemswork4.layered或abstract machineII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.code generator代碼生成程序,代碼發(fā)生器2.abstract machine抽象機(jī)3.program edito

22、r程序編輯程序,程序編輯器4.configuration item配置項(xiàng)5.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)CAD(computer-aided design6.數(shù)據(jù)冗余data redundancy7.指揮與控制系統(tǒng)command and control system8.視頻壓縮與解壓縮video compression and decompressionUnit Three:Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.art

23、ificial;instructions2.low-level;high-level3.machine4.machine5.functional;logic6.statement7.module8.digitalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.storage register存儲(chǔ)寄存器2.function statement函數(shù)語句3.program statement程序語句4.object-oriented language面向?qū)ο笳Z言5.assem

24、bly language匯編語言6.intermediate language中間語言,中級(jí)語言7.relational language關(guān)系(型語言8.artificial language人工語言9.data declaration數(shù)據(jù)聲明10.SQL結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言11.可執(zhí)行程序executable program12.程序模塊program module13.條件語句conditional statement14.賦值語句assignment statement15.邏輯語言logic language16.機(jī)器語言machine language17.函數(shù)式語言functional

25、language18.程序設(shè)計(jì)語言programming language19.運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序run a computer program20.計(jì)算機(jī)程序員computer programmerIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,makingchanges if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer.It letsthe pro

26、grammer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of0s and1s led first to thedevelopment of assembly language,which allows programmers to use mnemonics(助記符for instructions and symbols for variabl

27、es.Such programs are then translated by a programknown as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer.Other pieces of systemsoftware known as linking loaders(連接裝入程序combine pieces of assembled code andload them into the machines main memory unit,where they are then ready for execution.

28、Theconcept of linking separate pieces of code was important,since it allowed “l(fā)ibraries”ofprograms to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasinglyemphasized notion of software reuse.Assembly language was found to be sufficientlyinconvenient that higher-level languages(cl

29、oser to natural languageswere invented in the1950s for easier,faster programming;along with them came the need forcompilers,programsthat translate high-level language programs into machine code.As programming languagesbecame more powerful and abstract,building efficient compilers that create high-qu

30、ality codein terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer scienceproblem in itself.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語言,如C+和Java,基于傳統(tǒng)的高級(jí)語言,但它們使程序設(shè)計(jì)員能夠從合作對(duì)象集而非命令列表的角度進(jìn)行思考。諸如圓之類的對(duì)象具有像圓的半徑一類的屬性,以及在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上繪制該對(duì)象的命令。一個(gè)對(duì)象類可以從其他的對(duì)象類繼承特征。例如

31、,定義正方形的類可以從定義長(zhǎng)方形的類那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程序設(shè)計(jì)類簡(jiǎn)化了程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作,帶來了更多“可復(fù)用的”計(jì)算機(jī)代碼?？蓮?fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計(jì)員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)、編寫和測(cè)試的代碼。這使得程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作變得比較容易,并帶來更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.objects2.platform-independent3.multithreading4.runtimeII.Translate the following terms or ph

32、rases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.native code本機(jī)(代碼2.header file頭標(biāo)文件;頁眉文件3.multithreaded program多線程程序4.Java-enabled browser支持Java的瀏覽器5.malicious code惡意代碼6.機(jī)器碼machine code7.匯編碼assembly code8.特洛伊木馬程序Trojan horse9.軟件包software package10.類層次class hierarchyUnit Three/Section CI.Fill in the b

33、lanks with the information given in the text:1.subscript;index2.fixed3.histogram4.two-dimensionalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.bar chart條形圖2.frequency array頻率數(shù)組3.graphical representation圖形表示4.multidimensional array多維數(shù)組5.用戶視圖user(sview6.下標(biāo)形式sub

34、script form7.一維數(shù)組one-dimensional array8.編程結(jié)構(gòu)programming constructUnit Four:Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.application;erpreter5.debugger6.loop7.device driver8.John von NeumannII.Translate the followi

35、ng terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.inference engine推理機(jī)2.system call系統(tǒng)調(diào)用piled language編譯執(zhí)行的語言4.parallel computing并行計(jì)算5.pattern matching模式匹配6.memory location存儲(chǔ)單元7.interpreter program解釋程序8.library routine庫(kù)程序,程序庫(kù)例行程序9.intermediate program中間程序,過渡程序10.source file源文件11.解釋執(zhí)行的語言in

36、terpreted language12.設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序device driver13.源程序source program14.調(diào)試程序debugging program15.目標(biāo)代碼object code16.應(yīng)用程序application program17.實(shí)用程序utility program18.邏輯程序logic program19.墨盒ink cartridge20.程序的存儲(chǔ)與執(zhí)行program storage and executionIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the follow

37、ing list,makingchanges if necessary:A compiler,in computer science,is a computer program that translates source code intoobject code.Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languagesthat people can understand.Computers cannot directly execute source code,but need acompiler

38、to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize(compileall the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code.Object code is often the same as or similar to a computersmachine code.If the object code is the same as the

39、machine language,the computer can runthe program immediately after the compiler produces its translation.If the object code is notin machine language,other programssuch as assemblers,binders(聯(lián)編程序,linkers,andloaders(加載程序finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compiler

40、s for different types ofcomputers or operating systems,so one language may have different compilers for personalcomputers(PCand Apple Macintosh computers.Many different manufacturers often produceversions of the same programming language,so compilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV.T

41、ranslate the following passage from English into Chinese:在軟件中,錯(cuò)誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤,如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常,會(huì)造成不便或帶來挫折,但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”(對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng),可能使用戶別無選擇,只能重新啟動(dòng)程序,結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無論是哪一種,程序員都必須憑借稱為調(diào)試的過程,發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn),商用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正;較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)

42、誤有時(shí)可用稱為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟件加以修補(bǔ),以規(guī)避問題或減輕其影響。Unit Four/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Machine2.developers;components3.CORBA4.runtimeII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.messaging model消息接發(fā)模型mon language runtime通用語言運(yùn)行時(shí)刻(環(huán)境3.h

43、ierarchical namespace分層名稱空間4.development community開發(fā)界5.CORBA公用對(duì)象請(qǐng)求代理(程序體系結(jié)構(gòu)6.基本組件base component7.元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記metadata tag8.虛擬機(jī)virtual machine9.集成開發(fā)環(huán)境IDE(integrated development environment10.簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)象訪問協(xié)議SOAP(Simple Object Access ProtocolUnit Four/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the t

44、ext:1.heterogeneous2.asynchronous3.bridges4.opennessII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedure call過程調(diào)用2.fault tolerance容錯(cuò)3.homogeneous system同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)4.autonomous agent自主主體5.路由算法routing algorithm6.異構(gòu)型環(huán)境heterogeneous environment7.多址通信協(xié)議multicast proto

45、col8.通信鏈路communication(slinkUnit Five:Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.off-the-shelf2.exclusive3.cascade4.requirements;integration5.throwaway6.immediate;stable7.reuse-oriented;framework8.software;compromisesII.Translate the following te

46、rms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.system specification系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明2.unit testing單位(或單元、部件測(cè)試3.software life cycle軟件生命周期(或生存周期4.system validation testing系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試5.evolutionary development process演化開發(fā)過程6.simple linear model簡(jiǎn)單線性模型7.program unit程序單元8.throwaway prototype拋棄式原型9.text formatt

47、ing正文格式編排,文本格式化10.system evolution系統(tǒng)演變11.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例system design paradigm12.需求分析與定義requirements analysis and definition13.探索式編程方法exploratory programming approach14.系統(tǒng)文件編制system documentation15.瀑布模型waterfall model16.系統(tǒng)集成system integration17.商用現(xiàn)成軟件commercial off-the-shelf(或COTSsoftware18.基于組件的軟件工程componen

48、t-based software engineering(CBSE19.軟件維護(hù)工具software maintenance tool20.軟件復(fù)用software reuseIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,makingchanges if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance.Firstly,there is maintenance torepair software f

49、aults.Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct;design errors aremore expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components.Requirementserrors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary.Secondly,there is maintenance to adap

50、t the software to a different operatingenvironment.This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the systemsenvironment such as the hardware,the platform operating system or other support softwarechanges.The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalc

51、hanges.And thirdly,there is maintenance to add to or modify the systems functionality.This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response toorganizational or business change.The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other ty

52、pes of maintenance.In practice,there isnt a clear-cutdistinction between these types of maintenance.When you adapt the system to a newenvironment,you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmentalfeatures.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated w

53、ays.Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:軟件過程比較復(fù)雜,而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣,依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性,使軟件過程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動(dòng)。然而,至少是在未來幾年內(nèi),不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動(dòng)化,使軟件能夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師

54、來從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限,原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想的過程,而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些軟件過程不斷演變,以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一些系統(tǒng)來說,需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程,而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來說,一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過程很可能更為有效。Unit Five/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.entity2.duration3.data;process或process;data4.implemente

55、dII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.check box復(fù)選框,選擇框,校驗(yàn)框2.structured design結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)3.building block積木塊,構(gòu)建模塊,構(gòu)件4.database schema數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式5.radio button單選(按鈕6.系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù)system modeling technique7.模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā)model-driven development8.數(shù)據(jù)流程圖data flow diagram9.下拉式菜單drop

56、-down(或pull-downmenu10.滾動(dòng)條scroll barUnit Five/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.problem2.consequences3.design4.specific;generalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedural language過程語言mon design structure通用設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)

57、3.class and object interaction類與對(duì)象交互4.design constraint設(shè)計(jì)約束5.設(shè)計(jì)模式design pattern6.可復(fù)用軟件reusable software7.面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)object-oriented system8.繼承層次inheritance hierarchyUnit Six:DatabaseUnit Six/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.flat2.data3.application;administrators4.conceptual5.