新滬教版英語中考沖刺四：閱讀理解技巧(基礎講解)

1、精編資料綜合應用精編文檔僅供參考滬教版初中英語精編試題及知識點匯總學生姓名：班級：學號:閱讀理解（2014漳州）Most students have biology classes in the classrooms or the labs in China. But several days ago , I had a biology class outside in my American school.My biology teacher, Mr. Kwak, divided us into three groups and asked us to play a game about n

2、atural selection（選擇）and how birds find food.He gave the first group one spoon per person. The second group forks and my group knives. I thought we were going hunting, so knives might work better. Surprisingly, he told us to pick up the beans on the grass with our tools.When the game started all of u

3、s ran to the grass area. We squatted 鱷）down and looked for beans.It was hard to pick up something that small, especially from the grass.When I almost lifted a bean, it dropped back to the ground. When I finally picked up several beans, one of my friends ran into me. I couldn t keep my balance and fe

4、ll over. All my beans dropped to the ground! Just at that moment, Mr. Kwak called us back. I had to leave the game and of course I got a bad result. I couldn t help thinking that if I were a bird living on Galapagos Island , I would be deadsoon.The fun game made me realize that natural selection is

5、really competitive（ 競爭的）.Everyone is trying his or her best to survive.1. What did the writer s group use to pick up the beans?A. Spoons. B. Forks. C. Knives. D. Hands.2. How many beans did the writer get at last?A. None. B. One. C. Several. D. Many.3. Which of the following is TRUE?A. The writer di

6、d a good job in the biology class.B. The writer had a biology class outside their schoo1.C. The writer found that picking up the beans from the grass was hard.D. The writer didn t findhefood for the birds on Galapagos Island.4. What s the meaning of the underlined word“ survive in the last paragraph

7、?A. Find food. B. Remain alive.5. What was the aim of Mr. KwakA. To play an interesting game.C. To know different kinds of birds.（2015哈爾濱）C. Be lovely. D. Keep balanced s class?B. To pick up the beans.D. To learn natural selection.根據短文內容判斷正誤。（注意：正確的涂“ A”，錯誤的涂“ B”）Long ago, there was a queen who live

8、d in a palace . She felt bored and said to her advisor （顧問）, All the things around me are too boring . I need a different kind of beauty . Let everyone know that I will hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the world And the prize will be this crown （ 王 冠 ）. ”Several days later, lots of

9、 people came to the competition and showed their things The queen was not satisfied with what she saw The advisor suggested， “ What you are looking for cannot be brought to you You must look for it by yourself What about a journey? ”The queen was interested in the idea, so she started immediately As

10、 she was on top of the hill near her palace, she looked down and suddenly something cried in her heart “ Why have I never found my palace so beautiful?”The queen spent one year travelling She saw beauty on the farm, in the forest and even in the stars twinkling （ 閃爍 ） at night on her journey But wha

11、t was the most beautiful thing? She thought it over Suddenly， she understood beauty was everywhere She should learn to enjoy the world She left the pieces of her crown at different places that she had seen As time went by, the queen s crown got smaller and smaller until nothing was left .She found t

12、he most beautiful thing at last It was the world!1 The queen wanted to hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the world .2 Lots of people came to the competition and brought the things that made the queen satisfied .3 On top of the hill near her palace, the queen suddenly found her palac

13、e so beautiful .4 The queen saw beauty on the farm, in the river and even in the night sky on her journey.5 The passage tells us that beauty is everywhere if we learn to enjoy the world .【答案與解析】（2014 漳州 ）1. Co本題意思是：作者一組用什么撿豆子？由第三段的第二句話The second group forks and mygroup “ knives” . 可知答案選C。2. A。由倒數第二段

14、的第三句話I couldn t keep my balance and fell over. All my beans dropped to theground!我不能保持平衡，摔倒了。所有的豆子都掉到了地上！可知答案選A。作者這一組最后一個豆子也沒有得到。3. Co 由第四段的最后句話It was hard to pick up something that small , especially from the grass.可知答案選C,從草叢中撿起小豆子真實太難了。4. Bo由最后一段可知，游戲的樂趣，使我認識到，自然選擇是真正的競爭。每個人都盡力讓自己最好的生存。A. Find foo

15、d. “找到食物”， B. Remain alive. “保持活著（的狀態(tài)） ”； C. Be lovely.“可愛” ， D. Keep balanced. “保持平衡”，故答案選B。5. D 。由文中最后一段的倒數第二句話The fun game made me realize that natural selection is reallycompetitive（ 競爭的），可知Kwak 先生這堂課的目的是：學習自然選擇。所以答案選D。（2015 哈爾濱 ）1. A 。由第一段第四句“Let everyone know that I will hold a competition for

16、 the most beautifulthing in the world. ”可知，女王想舉辦一場尋找世界上最美麗的東西的比賽。該題干表述正確。故 寫 A。2. B 。 由第二段第二句“The queen was not satisfied with what she saw. ”可知， 女王對人們帶來的東西不滿意。故該題干的表述“很多人來參加比賽，帶來了讓女王滿意的東西”是錯誤的。故 寫 B。3. Ao 由第三段第三句Why have I never found my palace so beautiful?可知，當女王站在 宮殿附近的山頂時，她突然發(fā)現她的宮殿是如此漂亮。該題干表述正確。

17、故寫A。4. B 。由第四段第二句“She saw beauty on the farm， in the forest. ”可知，女王從農場、森林和夜晚閃爍的星星中看到了美。因此，該題干的表述“女王從農場、江河和夜空中看到了美”錯誤。故寫B(tài) 。5. Ao通讀全文可知，如果我們學會欣賞世界，美無處不在。該題干表述正確。故寫Ao考試要求1. 考查學生理解短文的主旨和主題要義能力；2. 理解短文具體信息（包括圖文轉換的信息）的能力；3. 根據短文上下情景猜測單詞的能力；4. 根據短文的內容判斷和推理能力；5. 理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度的能力?？v觀全國各地中考試卷，中考閱讀理解考試題的比例在整個試卷占了很

18、大的比例，閱讀理解的成績直接決定學生能否在中考中取得優(yōu)秀成績。中考閱讀短文的題材除了選一些通俗易懂的文學作品和故事體裁的小短文，還經常選用一些富有時代鮮明特征、實用性比較強的語言材料。例如：報刊雜志的文章、使用說明書、招貼告示、廣告和各種各類圖表。選擇這些材料不僅能夠提高測試的真實性，還能展示目標語言在現實生活中的真實運用來激發(fā)學生學習英語的興趣。1. 閱讀理解的題型：近幾年中考試卷的閱讀理解測試題主要有選擇型測試題、判斷正誤型測試題和任務型測試題三種形式。根據閱讀理解的題干部分可以分為以下幾種測試題型：（ 1）理解主旨大意題：考查學生對于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的領會、理解和概括能力。我們可

19、以通過“略讀skimming ”來獲取文章或者段落的主題和主旨大意。 在略讀時要注意尋找主題句（ topic sentence）以幫助理解文章的主題和了解文章的大意。有一些同學可能認為沒有仔細閱讀文章的細節(jié)而感覺不太放心，其實沒有必要擔心，因為我們了解的文章的大意以后，然后對文章做仔細閱讀，比較難的短文理解起來就容易多了。略讀時應該注意：主題句一般是短文第一個句子或者最后一個句子，偶爾位于段落的中間；每一段的主題句一般也是在每段的第一、二個句子或者最后一個句子。其次作者提供其寫作意圖，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、討論問題、說服某人、提出建議或者對兩種觀點或者事件進行比較。而其他的句子

20、是對主題句的進一步發(fā)展及說明性的例子，有時是為主題句提供時間、地點或者原因等背景。主旨大意題常見的設問方式如下：1） What s the main idea of this passage?2） What does the passage mainly tell us?3） The writer means to tell us that .4） From the passage, we can learn/ conclude .5） What s the best title for the passage?（ 2）具體細節(jié)理解題:考查對事實或者細節(jié)的理解和辨別，即考查短文中直接或間接提到

21、的具體信息的細節(jié)及線索。對于這種閱讀理解題，需要仔細比較所給的四個選項，找出語言表達差別的關鍵詞來重點思考。做這種考試題我們一般用掃讀Scanning”來從短文中尋找答案。掃讀是有目的地在短文中為尋找某一個具體的信息或者細節(jié)而進行的搜索性閱讀。特別是尋找人名、地名、時間或者某一個關鍵詞。找到這個關鍵詞時要進行局部地細心地閱讀，以保證所尋找的答案在此處。為了保證掃讀的有效性，在掃讀之前必須認真審題，因為審題的過程就是明確閱讀目的的過程。一般來說，這種閱讀理解測試題的答案是比較好找的。只要同學們仔細閱讀，認真比較，把握準確的信息，是容易找到準確答案的。（ 3）根據上下文猜測詞義題：這種閱讀理解測試

22、題是對短文中某一個句子中的某一個超綱的單詞或者短語畫線，讓考生猜 精編資料綜合應用其漢語意思或者英語解釋意義。短文中出現的超綱詞或者短語要求學生在讀懂短文的內容， 理解短文的大概意思的基礎上并且根據短文上下文的意思和情景進行猜測和推斷。一般來說這 些詞匯是比較難或者是同學們沒有學過的。如果同學們的詞匯量比較大，那么解決這種閱讀理 解測試題就有很大的優(yōu)勢。但是如果能夠理解短文的內容和意思，通過上下句子和情景進行合 理的猜測，其正確率還是比較高的。猜測單詞的一些方法：1）首先要保持冷靜，迅速判斷。如果是對上下文理解影響不大的詞，就不要停留，繼續(xù)讀下去。如果是影響理解的詞，尤其是劃線的詞，就要運用猜

23、測單詞的技巧來猜測單詞的意思。2）如果是but連接前后兩個句子，那么其意思是表示轉折，后面句子的畫線單詞表示的意思可能 和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3）如果是and連接前后兩個句子，那么后面句子的畫線單詞的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4）注意下文，有時后面的句子或在下文中可能解釋這個單詞的意義。5）有時即使猜測不出來單詞的具體意思也不要緊，只需要了解這個單詞是表示積極的還是消極的意思。通過辨認這個單詞的位置來確定它是動詞、形容詞還是副詞，然后從選項中選擇。實例說明：The Sydney Opera House is a very famous building in the world. I

24、t has become Sydneys best-known landmark and international symbol. The Opera House with a “sailing roof was designed by a famous Danish architect（ 丹麥建筑師 ）,Utzon. The base for the building was started in 1959, years before the designs were finished. Utzon spent four years designing the Opera House. I

25、n 1962, the designs were finalized（定稿）and the construction began. In 1967, they started the decoration inside. It took 14 years in total to build the Opera House. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened it on October 20th, 1973.The Sydney Opera House cost around $ 100 million and was paid for by the pu

26、blic. 6,225 square meters of glass was used to build it. The Opera House includes 1,000 rooms. It is 185 meters long and 120 meters wide. The building roof sections weigh about 15 tons. Each year, this fantastic building attracts 200,000 tourists to come for a visit or enjoy events in it.The Opera H

27、ouse reaches out into the harbour（港,甯）.It is amazing and unforgettable, offering people a strong sense of beauty.1. The designer of the Sydney Opera House was from.A. America B. Australia C. England D. Denmark 2. Building the Sydney Opera House lasted.A. from 1959 to 1973B. from 1962 to 1973C. from

28、1959 to 1967D. from 1962 to 19673 . The underlined word construction means in Chinese.A.創(chuàng)立B.設計C.施工D.竣工4 .paid for the cost of the building of the Sydney Opera House.A. UtzonB. The publicC. Queen Elizabeth IID. The government5. Which is the best title for the passage?A. Sailing RoofB. Travelling in S

29、ydneyC. The Sydney Opera HouseD. The Opening of the Opera House【解析】1. D。細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段中的The Opera House with a sailing roof was designed by a famousDanish architect（丹麥建筑師）,Utzon”可知，悉尼歌劇院是一個丹麥的建筑師設計的。所以，悉尼歌 劇院的設計得來自丹麥。故選 D。2. A。細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段中的The base for the building was started in 1959 ”以及 It took 14yea

30、rs in total to build the Opera HouseOctoberS20th, 73居U院的建設從 1959 年持續(xù)到1973年。故選A。3. Co詞義猜測題。根據上文可知，設計已經定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction ”在此處具有施工”的含義。故選Co4. B。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段中的The Sydney Opera House cost around $ 100 million and was paidfor by the public.”可知，悉尼歌劇院的建設費用完全來自于公共開支。5. Do主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了悉尼歌劇院的設計、規(guī)模等，

31、都是圍繞悉尼歌劇院而寫的。因此 The Sydney Opera House”是最好的標題。（4）簡單的推理判斷題：考查學生根據短文的內容進行簡單的判斷或推理的能力。中考閱讀理解不僅要讀懂一個個的 句子，而且要理解這些句子之間的內在聯系。如果上下文之間存在未充分表達的內容，學生就應 該充分激活頭腦中的知識和經驗，根據字面意思和句子的意思，通過語篇邏輯關系來研究細節(jié)的 暗示、推敲作者的態(tài)度、理解文章的寓意。這就是我們平時所說的深層理解。深層理解是一種創(chuàng) 造性的思維活動。它必須忠于原文，要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據，立足已知的知識來推斷 未知的知識，不能憑空想象、隨意推測；它要求考生對文章的表面

32、信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推 理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基礎。判斷推理題常見的設問方式：1 ） It can be inferred /concluded that .2 ） Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?3 The writer suggests that .4 The writer probably feels that .5 From the passage, we can see實例說明：Take a class at Dulang

33、kou School, and you ll see loBseoetttinrosndother schools. You cansee the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so they each other. How can they see the blackboard? There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!The school calls the new way

34、of learning“ Tuantuanzuo ” , meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, aJunior teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles （ 角色）.There is ateam leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a“

35、 study leader who makes sure that everyfinishes their homework. And there is a discipline （ 律）leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring.“I just looked after my own business before,“ said Wang. B

36、ut now I have to think about my five groupmembers.”But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits （好處）now.“I used t（speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call mean excellent speaker today.”Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about

37、 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhanggot a grade of more than 80.“I rarely很少）asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leaderor study leader. They are really helpful.We can tell from the story that some students this new way of learning.A. get benefits

38、from B. are tired of C. cannot get used to D. hate【解析】：Ao寫作意圖推斷題。從短文的作者寫作意圖可以判斷作者是告訴人們杜朗口中學的學生從這種 新的教學方法中得到益處。所以選擇 Ao2.閱讀理解的解題技巧：（1）事實細節(jié)題的方法和技巧：1）詳讀細節(jié)，理順思路與文章脈絡。文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文， 有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結局展開 故事；論述題則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點?？筛鶕恼碌?特點，詳讀細節(jié)，以動詞、時間、地點、事件、因果等為線索，找

39、出關鍵詞語，運用畫圖列表法”，勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細節(jié)的認知圖。2）抓住文章的脈絡和每一段中心，后面都是圍繞這個中心展開分析，把握了文章的脈絡后，相 對來說定位就比較方便，解答細節(jié)題和主旨題就很方便了。3）學會瞻前顧后和左顧右盼方法來理解細節(jié)題目，也就是從短文的上下聯系來找到解決問題的 關鍵細節(jié)。4）注意弓I 出細節(jié)的信息詞,如：for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second,next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides 等。（

40、2）推理判斷題的方法和技巧：閱讀理解題中難度最大且出現頻率很高的是推理判斷題，這種題要求考生根據文章中出現的暗示，抓住內含語義，用邏輯思維的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判斷。推理的方法大致可分為：簡 單推理和復雜推理。1）簡單推理所謂簡單推理就是以表面文字為前提，以具體事實為依據進行推理，做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接，只要弄清事實，即可結合常識推斷出合理的結論。2）復雜推理復雜推理不但要以文字為依據，而且還要以文章的語境、內涵為前提。這是一種間接而復雜的邏 輯推理方式?？忌茢喑鑫恼聸]有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理，就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。 下面是幾種復雜的推理方法： 推測作者的寫作目的和意

41、圖，此類的設題形式有：The purpose in writing this text is to .The author in this passage intends to. 推測作者的寫作目的，必須要先了解文章的主題，然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重點和材料 的安排。 推測文章的觀點或結論，此類設題形式有 :It can be inferred from the passage that.From the passage we can conclude that.這類問題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點，可能只是文章中的某一觀點。但要推測出文中的某一觀點，仍離不開對全文主要觀點

42、或中心思想的把握。3）推斷文章的出處，設題形式有 :The passage is most likely to be taken from.The passage is most likely a part of這類問題應從文章的內容或結構來判斷其出處：精編文檔僅供參考精編資料綜合應用報紙：前面會出現日期、地點或通訊社名稱；廣告：因其格式和語言特殊，容易辨認；產品說明：器皿、 設備的使用說明會有產品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數、藥量等。（ 3）單詞猜測詞義的方法和技巧：1 ） 根據上下文猜測詞意2）根據構詞法猜測詞意在閱讀文章時，總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來

43、推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。例如：前綴 un-表反義詞，如 happy、 unhappy, fair、 unfair, important、 unimportant 等。 后綴 - ment 表名詞，如develop、 development， state、 statement， argue、 argument 等。后綴-er、 -or 或 -ist 表同源名詞，如 calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; s

44、cience/scientist; art/ artist 等。3）通過因果關系猜詞。首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞（如because， as， since，for ， so， thus， as a result， of course， therefore 等等）表示前因后果。4）通過句法功能來推測詞義。例如：Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞

45、在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難 看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas oranges是同類關系，同屬 fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果， 準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。5）通過描述猜詞。描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物做出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly ， it can swim in the

46、icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin 是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。（ 4）主旨大意題的方法和技巧：在做主旨大意題時,不管是哪一種題型,關鍵的一步是要找出主題句或和主題有關的關鍵詞,從而把握文章的主旨（main idea）。1）議論、說明體裁的文章在議論文和說明文中,文章的主題通常出現在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是給出作者的觀點或引出將要介紹的事物,而末段的作用通常是總結全文、重申論點。例如：Our neighborhood has really changed. When I last visited t

47、here, about half of the houses had been torn down （ 拆除 ）to make way for a highway. The rest of the buildings were covered with billboards （ 宣 傳板 ）and surrounded by traffic signs and garbage. Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars.【分析】本段第一句話的概括性最強,指出環(huán)境發(fā)生了巨大變化。其他幾句話分別具體說明都

48、發(fā)生了哪些變化 ,以及現在的樣子。因此,第一句為本段的主題句。2）記敘體裁的文章記敘文通常按時間先后或事情發(fā)展的順序來敘述。尋找這類文章的主題時也要特別留意首段和末段 ,因為作者有時會在敘述事件之前或之后流露出自己對它的看法和情感,而這正是解題的關鍵。 還有些情況下,文中沒有明確的主題句,即主題隱含在行文之中。必須根據文章中所提供的事實細節(jié)進行全面考慮,綜合分析。這時要注意表示時間和順序的詞語,以把握事情發(fā)展的脈絡。還要特別留意那些概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞,或者反映人物特點的形容詞等,這樣才能猜測出作者在用詞、語氣之中流露出的隱含信息。例如：Every year on my birthday, f

49、rom the time I turned 12, a white gardenia （ 梔子花 ） was delivered tomy house. No card ever came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while Istopped trying to find out the senders name and was justhpeleaesaeudtifwuilthwht ite flower, in soft精編文檔僅供參考pink paper.I never stop

50、ped imagining （ 想像 ） who the giver might be, though. Some of my happiest momentswere spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these daydreams. She d ask me if Ihad been especially kind to someone. Perhaps it was the old man across the street. I d delivered his mduring the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy that I had met.One month before my graduation, my father died. I was so sad that I became completelyt care whether I had a n