動(dòng)名詞的用法

1、動(dòng)名詞定義： 動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式，兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征，它可以帶賓語，也能被狀語修飾。動(dòng)名詞接賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。基本形式：由動(dòng)詞原形家詞尾-ing 構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同。動(dòng)名詞已經(jīng)名詞化了，而現(xiàn)在分詞常表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：a sleeping chair 躺 /睡椅（動(dòng)名詞，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡覺的孩子（現(xiàn)在分詞，表狀態(tài)）一、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、 作主語1）直接位于句首做主語。Reading is an art.讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbing moun

2、tains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering在這種工作條件下工作.不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。注意：動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）用it 作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞（真實(shí)主語）置于句尾作后置主語。It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us勸說這樣的人加入真是浪 . 費(fèi)時(shí)間。It was ha

3、rd getting on the crowded street car上這種擁擠的車真難。.It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用，常用句型：It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/ interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure+ v.ing注意 ： important， essentia，l necessary等形容詞后面不用動(dòng)名詞（常用不定式）。3） 用于 “ There be

4、結(jié)構(gòu)中。 ”There is no saying when he'll come很難說他何時(shí)回來。 .There is no joking about such matters對這種事情不是開玩笑。.There is no holding back the wheel of history.歷史的車輪不可阻擋。常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do注意： 在 “ There be句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語。 ”4） 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。No smoking （ =No smoking is allowed

5、 （here） ）. 禁止吸煙。No parking. 禁止停車。5） 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，?？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋€(gè)物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他們前來幫忙對我們來說是極大的鼓舞。Lao Li?s going there won?t be ofm uch help.老李去不會(huì)有多大幫助。2、作賓語（ 1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：advise

6、, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish,cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone（推遲）， deny（否認(rèn)）, appreciate （欣賞，感激）, escape, excuse, pardon, can?tstand, put off, give up等。如：Would you mind opening the window?吧窗戶打開好嗎？She suggested goin

7、g to the Great Wall for the spring outing她建議去長城春游。 .Seeing the picture, he couldn?t help laughing看了這幅畫，他禁不住大笑起來。 .Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。在下面這種結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用動(dòng)名詞（短語） 做賓語： find/think/consider （形 + it式賓語）+ no use/no good/useless

8、 .i n+gv（真正賓語）.I found it pleasant walking along the seashore在海灘上走真是樂事。.Do you consider it any good trying again?你認(rèn)為再試一次有好處嗎？* 形容詞 worth 后也可接動(dòng)名詞，作為復(fù)合謂語的賓語。The music is well worth listening to more than once.這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。( 2)作介詞的賓語* 能接動(dòng)名詞的短語有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of,down to,prevent/kee

9、p/stop from , depensdeot na,b out, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devote to , look forward to, pay attention to, gebe good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend (in), feel like, prefer eatod of, iinn sctase of等等。We are thinki

10、ng of making a new plan for the next term.我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?我們休息呢還是開始干活？Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time.安好久以來就盼望著來中國。* 在下面的結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞in ?？墒÷裕? 1) S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard tim

11、e + (in) +v.ing( 2) S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing( 3) S + be busy + (in) +V.ing( 4) S + lose no time + (in) +V.ing (立即 )We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì).忙著做準(zhǔn)備。Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English?要聽懂英語口語你有困難嗎？3、作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞

12、或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動(dòng)名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。(Cleaning the windows isYour task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。.(Being laughedat is what I hate most.)4、作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is us

13、ed for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping二、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名

14、詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語。 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、 表語等， 分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us.他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。(=That shecame to help encouraged all of us.)Jane?s being careless caused so much troub簡的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 le.(=ThatJane was careless caused so much trouble.)What?s t

15、roubling them is their not having enough food.煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=What?s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口語中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時(shí)不能這樣來代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎？The father insisted on his son?s/his son going to college爸爸堅(jiān)決要求

16、兒子上大學(xué)。 .Mary?s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His ( 不可用 Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。例： I would appreciateback this afternoon.A you to call B you call C you calling D you?re callingKey： C；換成your calling 也對）在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語：a.無命名詞The baby was

17、made awake by the door suddenly shutting這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲 .吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing?你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎？c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this?你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎？三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)如下：主動(dòng)語態(tài)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been don

18、e（一）時(shí)態(tài)1、動(dòng)名詞一般式：表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，或是與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。Being careless is not a good habit粗心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。.2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。I don?t remember having met him before我記不得以前見過他。.Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。H

19、e denied having taken any money from the cash registe他否認(rèn)從現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)里拿r.了錢。（二）語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。（ 1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其后發(fā)生。如：I don?t like being laughed at in public.在公共場合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。He came in without being asked.沒有誰請他進(jìn)來他自己進(jìn)來了。（ 2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having

20、 been honoured with a meda我很高興你能獲得這l.樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。（ 3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：Excuse me for being late.我來晚了請你原諒。I don?t remember eve rmeeting somewhere.我記不得原來在什么地方見過。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。（ 4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語中。如：I forget o

21、nce being taken （having been taken ） to the city zoo我曾被帶到過這個(gè)動(dòng) .物園，可我忘了。四、動(dòng)名詞的否定式：not + V.ingI regret not being able to help you.我很抱歉不能幫助你。I apologize for not having waited for you. 沒有等你，我向你表示歉意。五、動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式的區(qū)別：1. 作主語或表語時(shí)：動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語，在意義上相近，但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指的抽象的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作；不定式多用來表示特指或具體的動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作。比較：Sm

22、oking is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.My job is teaching English.Our task now is to increase food production.我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是增加糧食產(chǎn)量。2. 在 like, hate, prefer等動(dòng)詞后：如果表示一般傾向，多用動(dòng)名詞做賓語；如指特定的或具體的某次行為，用不定式更多一些。I like reading books in my spare time.I like to read that book.They prefer w

23、alking to cycling.He prefers to stay at home today.3. 有些動(dòng)詞后即可用動(dòng)名詞也可以不定式做賓語（如 like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, want, need, stop, remember, forget, try, attemp等）。 t有時(shí)區(qū)別不大，如：Let?s continue working/to work.When did you begin learning/to learn English?但有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間含義不同，如remember, forget, re

24、gret, try, stop, mean, go on等。He tried speaking English to us.他試著用英語和我們講話。Please try to do it better next time.下次請?jiān)O(shè)法做得更好些。This means setting out at once這意味著立即出發(fā)。.He really meant to come.他確實(shí)打算來的。4. 在表示 “需要” 意思的 want, need, require, deserve等動(dòng)詞后：當(dāng)主語表事物時(shí)，其后既可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)含義。My watch needs repair

25、ing/to be repaired.The house wants cleaning/to be cleaned.The way deserves mentioning/to be mentioned.These young trees will require looking after/to be looked after carefully.5. 在 allow, permit, advise, recommend, consider, forbid等詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞做賓語，用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語。We don?t allow smoking here.Her mother doesn?

26、t allow her to stay up late.注意：Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。六、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別1?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:作表語的動(dòng)名詞與主語指的是同一件事, 此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于“是 ”, 通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變, 例如 :My hobby is swimming. 可改為 Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì), 不能與主語互換位置, 但可加 very,quite 等副詞修飾，例

27、如:The story is (very) interesting. ( 不可改為:Interesting is the story )動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)相混淆，如：Her job is washing clothes. (動(dòng)名詞做表語)She is washing clothes now.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))2?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)?狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等?試比較:a swimming boy和 a swimming suit前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩”, 即 a boy who is sw

28、imming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動(dòng)作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣 ”, 即 a suit forswimming , 動(dòng)名詞 swimming 表示 suit 的用途 ?檢測練習(xí)1) Mark often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined2) I really appreciate to help me， but I am sure that

29、 I can manage by myself.A) you to offer B) that you offer C) your offering D ) that you are offering3) The thief took away the woman?s wallet without。A) being seen B) seeing C) him seeingD) seeing him4) No one can avoid by advertisement。sA) to be influencedB) being influenced C)influencingD) havingi

30、nfluenced5) They are considering before the prices go u。pA) of buying the house B) with buying the houseC) buying the houseD)to buy the house6) If I had remembered the door, the things would not have been stole。 nA) to lockB)lockingC)to have lockedD) shavingslocked7) My transistor radio isn,t workin

31、g 。 It 。A) need repairingB)needs to repairC)needs repairingD) need to be repaired8) It is no use me not to worry。A) you tell B) your tellingC)for you to have toldD) having told9) He is very busy his paper。s He is far too busy callers。A) to write ； to receiveB) writing ； to receiveC) writing ； receiv

32、ingD)to write ； for receiving10) The suspect at last admitted stolen goods but denied the。 mA)receiving。selling B)to receive。 to sellC)to receiving。 to sellingD) to havereceived。to have sold11) She apologized for to come。A) her not being able B) her being not ableC) not being able D) that she?s not

33、able to12) Please stop _，_ boys， I have something important to you。A) saying 。 。 。 talk B) telling 。 。 。 sayC) talking 。 。 。 speak D) talking 。 。 。 tell13) Tony， would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty his tape recorde？ rA) to fix B ) fixing C ) for fixing D ) fix14) I remember to help us if

34、we ever got in trouble。A) once offering B)him once offering C)him to offer D) to offer him15) John regretted to the meeting last wee。 kA) not going B)not to go C) not having been going D) not to be going16) Do you feel like out or would you rather dinner at home？A) going。 。 。 to have B) to go。 。 。 t

35、o have C) to go。 。 。 having D) going。 。 。 have17) We had some trouble the house and nobody seemed where it w。 asA) in finding 。 knowingB)finding。 to knowC) to find。knowingD)to find。to know19) It is no good remember grammatical rule。s You need to practise what youhave learned。A) trying to B) to try toC)