研究生英語詞匯學(xué)單詞

1、1. Word List A 1. advocate /ædvket/ v. to speak in favor of; to support vt.提倡；擁護(hù)；主張；鼓吹；為辯護(hù)：n.提倡者，倡導(dǎo)者；擁護(hù)者；鼓吹者(of);辯護(hù)者，辯護(hù)士;(辯護(hù))律師，專門律師devil's advocate 故意持相反意見的人；故意唱反調(diào)的人The group does not advocate the use of violence. Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior. 許多專家提倡獎勵孩

2、子的良好行為。The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. 該報告主張，所有建筑物必須配有煙霧探測器。Advocate can also be a noun, which means a person who pleads anothers cause. She is a staunch advocate of free speech. 她是言論自由的堅定擁護(hù)者。2. arrogant /æ rnt/ adj. full of pride and self-importance, esp

3、ecially in a way that shows no respect for other people adj. 傲慢的；驕傲自大的，妄自尊大的I found him arrogant and rude. The noun form of arrogant is arrogance. He has a self-confidence that is sometimes seen as arrogance. 3. contempt /kntempt/ adj. a lack of respect; the act of despising · l n.輕蔑，鄙視;恥辱

4、，不名譽(yù)，不光彩;【法律】藐視法庭(或國會等)· 短語:1. bring contempt upon oneself 自取其辱，自討沒趣2. bring into contempt 使受辱，使丟臉3. hold (或 have) someone in contempt 鄙視某人，看不起某人4. in contempt of 蔑視，看不起She looked at him with contempt. They had shown a contempt for the values she thought important. The adjective form of contemp

5、t is contemptuous. He was contemptuous of everything I did. 4. skeptical /skeptkl/ adj. having doubts; distrustful · adj. 懷疑的；懷疑論的，不可知論的I am skeptical about his chances of winning. Many experts remain skeptical of his claims. A skeptic is a person who habitually doubts, questions, or disagrees.

6、 To be skeptical about something is to have skepticism疑問 about something. Such claims should be regarded with a certain amount of skepticism. 5. innovate /nvet/ v. to introduce new things, ideas, or ways of doing something · l vi.o 革新，改革，創(chuàng)新 (常與in， on連用)：to innovate on the old ways革新舊方法· vt

7、.1. 創(chuàng)立，創(chuàng)始：to innovate a new technique創(chuàng)立新技術(shù)· 短語:o innovate or die 不創(chuàng)新即滅亡We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market. 我們必須不斷調(diào)整和創(chuàng)新，以確保在不斷增長的市場上取得成功。The fashion industry is always desperate不顧一切的 to innovate. is the action or process of innovating. We are living in an

8、 age of innovation. He is knowledgeable about the latest innovations in computer technology. The adjective of innovate is innovative. She was an imaginative and innovative manager. 她是一個富有想象力的和創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)理。6. profound /prfand/ adj. deep (in several senses) · adj.1. 很深的；深深的2.(興趣等)深厚的；深切的；深刻的3.深奧的；淵博的；造詣

9、深的4.意味深長的；意義深遠(yuǎn)的5.(注意等)充分的；來自心底的；徹底的6.完全的，十分的7.謙恭的，低下的· n.1. 詩歌用語(時間、空間等的)深邃；(靈魂等的)深處1.古語海，深海；海洋2.古語深奧的事物· 短語:1. make a profound curtesy (或reverence) 恭恭敬敬地打招呼(或行禮)2. take a profound interest 感到很大興趣；十分關(guān)切Profound understanding is deep understanding. To say something profound is to say somethi

10、ng deeply intelligent or discerning眼光敏銳的. Profound respect is deep respect. Profound horror is deep horror. The noun form of profound is profundity. 7. digress /dares/ v. to stray from the main subject · vi.1. 離題，(談話或?qū)懽髦?暫時離開主題：偏離，撇開，漫筆，漫談，閑聊(from)：to digress from the point at issue從論點(diǎn)上岔開Let me

11、 digress for a moment and tell you a short story.請允許我暫時離開話題一會兒，我給你講個小故事。2. 背離，離開；轉(zhuǎn)向，轉(zhuǎn)到一邊：to digress to a new field轉(zhuǎn)向另一領(lǐng)域Speaking metaphorically 隱喻地, 用比喻 to digress is to leave the main highway in order to travel aimlessly on back roads. When a speaker digresses, he departs from the main topic and te

12、lls a story only distantly遠(yuǎn)離地related to it. Such a story is called a digression漫談，離題. Sometimes a writers or speakers digressions are more interesting than his or her man points. After a lengthy digression, the lecturer returned to this speech and brought it to a conclusion. 8. denounce /dnans/ v. t

13、o strongly criticize somebody/something that you think is wrong, illegal, etc l vt.1. 譴責(zé)，痛斥，指責(zé)，公然抨擊：She denounced his drinking.她指責(zé)他飲酒。to denounce a politician as morally corrupt指責(zé)一政客道德敗壞The council denounced the new law.該委員會譴責(zé)新法律。2. (如向警方或法庭)揭發(fā)，告發(fā)，控告，控訴：She was denounced as a thief.她被告發(fā)為賊。to denounc

14、e a person to the authorities向當(dāng)局告發(fā)某人3. 正式通知廢除(協(xié)定、契約、條約等)，聲明無效：to denounce a treaty, pact, agreement, or the like通知廢止條約、契約、協(xié)議等4. 古語宣布，宣稱(尤指某事不詳、邪惡)：She denounced vengeance against him.她揚(yáng)言要向他報仇。She publicly denounced the government's handling of the crisis. l她公開譴責(zé)政府對危機(jī)的處理。We must denounce injustic

15、e and oppression. 我們必須譴責(zé)不公正和壓迫。The act denouncing is denunciation. l該法案聲討譴責(zé)As the title of the article clearly indicates, this is an angry denunciation of the governments economic policy. 文章的標(biāo)題清楚地表明，這是對政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的憤怒譴責(zé)。 9. rigorous /rrs/ adj. strict; harsh; severe · adj. 嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的；嚴(yán)密的；嚴(yán)酷的To be rigoro

16、us is to have rigor. Our exercise program was rigorous but effective; after just a few months, our eighteen hours of daily exercise had begun to pay off. While no one doubts the need for more rigorous border controls now, there are critics who say the federal government is doing a poor job of distin

17、guishing between potential terrorists and legitimate travelers. 毫無疑問，我們現(xiàn)在需要更嚴(yán)格的邊境控制，但有評論家說，聯(lián)邦政府在區(qū)分潛在的恐怖分子和合法的旅客這方面的工作做得很不好。The professor was popular largely because he wasnt rigorous; there were no tests in his course and only one paper, which was optional. 這位教授很受歡迎，主要是因?yàn)樗粐?yán)厲;而且，他的課沒有考試，只有一篇論文，該論文是可

18、選的。10. inevitable /nevtbl/ adj. unavoidable; bound to happen · l adj. 必然的，不可避免的· 短語· Inevitable trend 必然趨勢· Inevitable Accident 不可避免的事故 ; · the inevitable 社會發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果 ; 不可避免的事 ; 不可避免的 ; 必然A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. l利率上升似乎是不可避免的。It was an ine

19、vitable consequence of the decision. Inevitability is the quality of being unavoidable. l 必然性是不可避免的本質(zhì)When we observe nature, we see the inevitability of change. l We are all bound by the inevitability of death. 11. superficial /sjupfl/ adj. on the surface only; shallow; not thorough · adj. 表面的；

20、膚淺的 ；表面文章的；外表的；（人）淺薄的Tom had indeed been shot, but the wound was superficial; the bullet had merely creased the tip of his nose. 湯姆的確是被槍殺，但傷口是在表面的;子彈只是皺了他的鼻尖。The mechanic, who was in a hurry, gave my car what appeared to be a superficial tune-up. 機(jī)械師很著急，給我的車似乎只做了一個表面的發(fā)動機(jī)的調(diào)整。In fact, if he checked th

21、e oil, he did it without opening the hood. 事實(shí)上，如果他檢查了油，就無需打開引擎蓋。A person who is superficial can be accused of指責(zé)superficiality. The superficiality of the editors comments made us think that he hadnt really read the manuscript. 主編的膚淺評論使我們認(rèn)為他并沒有真正地閱讀過稿子。12. aesthetic /esetk/ adj. having to do with arti

22、stic beauty; artistic · adj.1. (有關(guān))美學(xué)原理的，美學(xué)的；美感的2.美的；給人以美感的3.審美的；顯示審美力強(qiáng)的；具有審美趣味的4.藝術(shù)的;愛好藝術(shù)的 亦作esthetic, esthetical· n.1. 美學(xué)；美感；審美觀；美學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；美學(xué)原理2.審美家3.唯美主義者Our art professor had a highly developed aesthetic sense; he found things to admire in paintings that, to us, looked like garbage垃圾. Someo

23、ne who admires beautiful things greatly can be called aesthete審美家 /esit/. Aesthetics is the study of beauty or principles of beauty. 13. disparage /dspæ rd/ v. to belittle輕視；貶低; to say uncomplimentary難聽的; 貶低的 things about, usually in a somewhat indirect way 1. 貶低，貶抑，輕視，小看，輕蔑地議論(或?qū)Υ?：2. 污蔑，詆毀，毀謗

24、，說的壞話，降低的評價；損害的名聲，喪失的信譽(yù)；使丟臉The mayor disparaged our efforts to beautify the town square when he said that the flower bed we had planted looked somewhat worse than the bed of weeds it had replaced. 市長貶低我們美化城市廣場的努力， 他說，我們親手種植的花壇看起來比已取代的雜草的床還差。My guidance counselor disparaged my high school record by t

25、elling me that not everybody belongs in college. 我的輔導(dǎo)員貶低我的高學(xué)歷。告訴我說，不是每個人都屬于大學(xué)。14. elaborate /læ brt/ adj. very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized · l adj.1. 精心設(shè)計(或計劃、制作、裝飾)的2.(結(jié)構(gòu))復(fù)雜的；精巧的，精密的，精致的3.詳盡的，詳述的，(詳盡)闡述的4.(煞費(fèi))苦心的，費(fèi)力的，刻苦的，艱苦的；辛勤的· vt.1. 盡心竭力地做；詳細(xì)搞出；用心作成，

26、精心制作，苦心經(jīng)營：to elaborate his plans for a new engine精心設(shè)計一種新機(jī)器2. 詳述，詳盡闡述；推敲；發(fā)揮；發(fā)展：The expert elaborates his theory from his own reason.這位專家詳盡闡述他的學(xué)說。3. 【生理學(xué)】加工；從簡單成分合成(復(fù)雜有機(jī)物)；使(體內(nèi)食物或簡單成分)轉(zhuǎn)變成(能吸收、能排泄的)復(fù)雜有機(jī)物· vi.1. 詳述，詳細(xì)說明(計劃、觀點(diǎn)、理論等)，(詳盡)闡述；詳盡計劃(常與 on或upon 連用)：to elaborate upon a theme or an idea對某一主題

27、或想法作詳細(xì)說明2. 變得復(fù)雜· 變形：vt. elaborated . elaboratingThey're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. l He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. To elaborate is to state something in detail. l Just give us the facts. You can ela

28、borate on them later. 15. ambivalent /æmbvlnt/ adj. undecided; having opposed feelings simultaneously 同時地· adj.1. (心理、態(tài)度)矛盾的；有矛盾情緒的2. 非規(guī)范用語含糊不清的，模棱兩可的，不明確的· n.【病理學(xué)】兩性人Susan felt ambivalent about Alec as a boyfriend. Her frequent desire to break up with him reflected this ambivalence.

29、蘇珊對于亞歷克作為一個男朋友覺得模棱兩可。她頻繁的想和他分手的愿望反映了這一矛盾。16. subtle /stl/ adj. not obvious; able to make fine distinctions; ingenious; crafty · adj. 微妙的；精細(xì)的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的The alien beings had created a shrewd replica of Mr. Jenson, but his wife did notice a few subtle difference, including the fact that the Mr. J

30、enson had no pulse. 外星人創(chuàng)造了簡森先生的精明的副本， 但他的妻子也注意到一些細(xì)微的差別，其中包括了簡森先生有沒有脈搏的事實(shí)。The burglar was subtle; he had come up with a plan that would enable him to steal all the money in the world without arousing the suspicions of the authorities. 竊賊是狡猾的;他想出了一個計劃，該計劃將使他偷走世界上所有的錢，卻不會引起當(dāng)局的懷疑。Something subtle i

31、s a subtlety. 17. indifferent /ndfrnt/ adj. having or showing no interest in somebody/something · adj. 漠不關(guān)心的；無關(guān)緊要的；中性的，中立的Pedro was indifferent about politics; he didnt care who was elected to office so long as no one passed a law against Monday Night Football. 佩德羅關(guān)于政治是無動于衷的;他不關(guān)心誰當(dāng)選官員，只要沒有人通過法律

32、，反對周一足球之夜Henrys indifference was extremely annoying to Melissa, who loved to argue but found it difficult to do so with people who had no opinions. 亨利的冷漠讓愛爭辯的梅麗莎非常惱火，她發(fā)現(xiàn)很難與沒有意見的人爭論。18. resignation /reznen/ n. patient willingness to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation that you cannot change &#

33、183; l n.1. 辭職；放棄 2.辭呈，辭職書 3.順從；屈從；忍受They accepted their defeat with resignation. If you resign yourself to something, you accept something unpleasant that cannot be changed or avoided. l如果你順從自己接受不愉快的事情，而且這些事情是不能改變或避免的。She resigned herself to her fate 命運(yùn) 19. negligence /neldns/ n. the failure to giv

34、e somebody/something enough care or attention · l n.1. 疏忽，玩忽；玩忽行為 2隨便，不修邊幅；雜亂無章3 (文藝作品等風(fēng)格的)自由奔放· adj.o 【法律】過失的· 短語· gross negligence 重大過失 ; 嚴(yán)重過失 ; 嚴(yán)重疏忽 ; 重大疏忽· criminal negligence 過失犯罪 ; 犯罪過失 ; 構(gòu)成罪行的過失 ; 疏忽罪· careless negligence 疏忽大意的過失negligence tort

35、0;過失侵權(quán) The accident was caused by negligence on the part of the driver. l The school had been negligent in not informing the child's parents about the incident. 學(xué)校在沒有通知孩子的父母得知這個事故的事情上疏忽了。20. disdain /dsden/ n. arrogant scorn; contempt · n. 蔑視vt. 鄙棄Bertram viewed the hot dog with distain, be

36、lieving that to eat such a disgusting food was beneath him不和身份的.伯特倫對于熱狗很不屑，認(rèn)為吃這樣的惡心的食物是不和身份的。The millionaire looked upon the poor workers with evident disdain. Disdain can also be a verb. The millionaire in previous example could be said to have disdained those workers. To be filled with disdain is

37、to be disdainful. 21. reticent /retsnt/ adj. quiet; restrained; reluctant to speak, especially about oneself 1. adj. 沉默的；有保留的；謹(jǐn)慎的; 猶豫的；勉強(qiáng)的Kaynard was reticent on the subject of his accomplishments; he didnt like to talk about himself. To be reticent is to be characterized by reticence. Luthers natur

38、al reticence make him an ideal理想的 speaker: His speeches never lasted more than a few minutes. 22. mitigate /mtet/ v. to moderate減輕the effect of something· vt. 使緩和，使減輕 vi. 減輕，緩和下來The sense of imminent即將來臨disaster was mitigated by guides calm behavior and easy smile. The effects of the disease we

39、re mitigated by the experimental drug treatment實(shí)驗(yàn)性藥物治療. Nothing Joel said could mitigate the enormity艱巨 of forgetting his mother-in-laws birthday. Unmitigated means absolute, unmoderated未經(jīng)協(xié)調(diào), not made less intense or severe激烈或嚴(yán)重. 23. refute /rfjut/ v. to prove that something is wrong · vt. 反駁，駁

40、斥；駁倒His expensive suit and imported shoes clearly refuted his claim that he was poor. I refuted Billys mathematical proof數(shù)學(xué)證明 by showing him that it depended on two and two adding up to five. An act of refuting is called a refutation辯駁. The audience enjoyed the panelists小組成員 humorous refutation of t

41、he main speakers theory about the possibility of building an antigravity反重力 airplane. Something that is indubitable, something that cannot be disproven, is irrefutable. 不容置疑的，不能被反駁的東西，是無可辯駁的。Claudias experiments with jelly beans and pencil erasers offered irrefutable proof that jelly beans taste bet

42、ter than pencil erasers 克勞迪婭關(guān)于糖豆和鉛筆橡皮的實(shí)驗(yàn)提供了確鑿的證據(jù)，證明糖豆味道比鉛筆橡皮擦更好24. brevity /brevti/ n. briefness · n. 簡潔，簡短；短暫，短促The audience was deeply grateful for the brevity of the after-dinner speakers 25. benign /bnan/ adj. gentle; not harmful; kind; mild 1. l adj. 良性的；和藹的，親切的；吉利的; (土壤)松軟的，宜于耕種的Karla has

43、 a benign personality; she is not at all unpleasant to be with. l The threat of revolution革命的威脅 turned out to be benign; nothing much came of it. l Charlie was worried that he had cancer, but the lump瘤 on his leg turned out to be benign. The difference between a benign person and a benevolent仁慈 one

44、is that the benevolent one is actively kind and generous while the benign one is more passive. Benevolence is usually active generosity or kindness, while benignancy tends to mean simply not causing harm. The opposite of a benign tumor瘤is a malignant惡性one. This is a tumor that can kill you. A malign

45、ant personality is one you wish a surgeon外科醫(yī)生would remove. Malignant means nasty, evil, full of ill will. The word malignant also conveys a sense that evil is spreading, as with a cancer. An adjective that means the same thing is malign. As a verb, malign has a different meaning. To malign someone i

46、s to say unfairly bad things about that person, to injure that person by telling evil lies about him or her. Slander and malign are synonyms. 作為動詞，惡性有著不同的含義。中傷別人是不公平的說壞話的人，通過講述他或她的邪惡謊言來傷害那個人。誹謗和邪惡是同義詞。26. apathy /æpi/ n. lack of interest; lack of feeling · l n. 冷漠，無興趣，漠不關(guān)心；無感情The members o

47、f the student council accused the senior class of apathy because none of the seniors had bothered to sign up for the big annual bake sale. l學(xué)生會的成員指責(zé)冷漠的高級班，因?yàn)闆]有學(xué)長費(fèi)心去報名參加一年一度的大烘烤銷售。Jill didnt care one bit about current events; she was entirely apathetic. 27. revere /rv(r)/ v. to respect highly; to hon

48、or · l vt. 敬畏；尊敬；崇敬Einstein was a preeminent scientist who was revered by everyone, even his rivals. 愛因斯坦是杰出的科學(xué)家，收到每個人的尊敬，甚至是他的對手。Einstein enjoyed nearly universal reverence. 愛因斯坦享受幾乎普遍的崇敬To be irreverent不敬的，無禮的 is to be mildly disrespectful. l Peter made jokes about his younger sisters paintin

49、g. She was perturbed 煩躁不安的 at his irreverence and began to cry. 28. diverse /davs/ adj. different or including many different types · l adj. 不同的；多種多樣的；變化多的My interests are very diverse. l New York is a very culturally/ethnically民族上diverse city. l Does television adequately電視充分地reflect the

50、ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 29. lucid /lusd/ adj. clear; easy to understand · l adj. 明晰的；透明的；易懂的；頭腦清楚的The professors explanation of the theory of relativity相對論was so astonishingly 驚人lucid that even I could understand it. l Huberts remarks were few but lucid: He explained the c

51、omplicated issue with just a handful of well-chosen words. l休伯特的言論很少，但清晰的：他用少數(shù)精心挑選的話解釋了復(fù)雜的問題。The extremely old man was lucid right up until直到 the moment he died; his body had given out but his mind was still going strong. To elucidate闡明something is to make it clear, to explain it. 30. redundant /rdn

52、dnt/ adj. unnecessarily repetitive重復(fù)的; excessive; excessively wordy過于冗長1. l adj. 多余的，過剩的；被解雇的，失業(yè)的；冗長的，累贅的; (信息等)重復(fù)的Eric had already bought paper plates紙板, so our purchase of paper plates was redundant. l Shawns article was redundanthe kept saying the same thing over and over again. An act of being r

53、edundant is a redundancy. 31. alleviate /liviet/ v. to relieve, usually temporarily or in completely; to make bearable; to lessen · l vt. 減輕，緩和Visiting the charming pet cemetery alleviated the womans grief over the death of her canary. l參觀迷人的寵物墓地緩解了女人的悲痛，關(guān)于她的金絲雀的死亡。Aspirin alleviates headache p

54、ain. When your headache comes back, take some more aspirin. 阿司匹林緩解頭痛 32. ironic /arnk/ adj. meaning the opposite of what you seem to say; using words to mean something other than what they seem to mean adj. 諷刺的；反話的; 巧合的，未預(yù)料到的Eddie was being ironic when he said he loved Peter like a brother; in truth

55、, he hated him. l Credulous George never realized that the speaker was being ironic as he discussed what he called his plan to put a nuclear-missile silo in every backyard in America. 他稱他的計劃，把核導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射井在美國的每一個后院。33. belligerent /bldrnt/ adj. combative  好戰(zhàn)的; quarrelsome好爭論的; waging進(jìn)行war · l adj

56、. 交戰(zhàn)的；好戰(zhàn)的；交戰(zhàn)國的 n. 交戰(zhàn)國；參加斗毆的人或集團(tuán)Al was so belligerent that the convention had the feel of a boxing match. A bully is belligerent. To be belligerent is to push other people around, to be noisy and argumentative, to threaten other people, and generally to make a nuisance of oneself. Opposing armies in a war are referred to as belligerents. Sometimes one bel